818 



RAWLK HAYLKIGH. 



cational Institute, in Nuremberg ; and finally, in 1827, 1 

 professor of mineralogy and natural history in tin- 

 University of KrlaiiL-cn. His geographical and geolog- 

 ical writings acquired wide fame. Among his works 

 m:iy be noted : Geogniatlnche Umrute run frunl,- 

 IUM Grost Britanniru (1816); Dot (j> >ler- 



tchletiens(\8\9); LehrbnchdeniUgrmeinen Utographie 

 'Ottilia (1835); Drr Zng dor IxraAiten 

 ; Gexchichtedei -I H,Uia<>(ji'k(\*-\2), which passed 

 through several editions ; Erinnerungen an </ 

 heiukriege (\&5Q) ; Die Emehuag der Miitkhen (1853). 

 He died at Erlangen. June 2, 1865, and his ' 



raphy was published in 1866. His son. RUDOLF VON 

 RAUMER (1815-1876), was noted as a philologist. :ui<! 

 was professor of German language and literature at 

 Krl.iniren from 1852 till his death. 



11 \\VLH, WII.I.IAM (1759-1836). jurist, was born at 

 Philadelphia, April 28, 1759. He was of Quaker 

 descent and studied law in New York, London, and 

 Paris. Returning to Philadelphia in 1783, he became 

 distinguished in his profession. In 1789 he was elected 

 to the Pennsylvania Legislature, and in 1791 he was 

 appointed U. S. district attorney. He held this office 

 eight years, having in the meantime declined the posi- 

 tion of U. S. attorney-general. He was the first presi- 

 dent of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, and 

 received the degree of LL. 1) from Princeton Col- 

 lege, in 1827, after the publication of his excellent 

 Vino of the Constitution of the United .SVarY.v 



He was long at the head of the Philadelphia bar, and 

 students were attracted by his lame from distant places. 

 He died April 12, 183n. See his Memoir by T. J. 

 Whartoo (I sin), and n tribute to his memory in 1). P. 

 Brown's Forum (1850). His son, William Rawle 

 (1 789-1 858), published several volumes of fen nsylrun ia 

 Keporti, and his grandson, William Henry Rawle, 

 born in 1823, has published the Law of Covenants for 

 Title, and other legal works. 



RAWLINS. JOHN AARON (1831-1869), general, 

 was born at East Galena, 111.. Feb. 13, 1831. lie was 

 brought up to a frontier farmer's life, but showed 

 fondness for reading. He studied law at Galena and 

 was admitted to the bar in 1855. He became noted as a 

 speaker in the exciting political campaigns of the time, 

 and in I860 was a candidate for Pivsidi -ntial elector on 

 the Douglas ticket. On the outbreak of the war he 

 ardently supported the cause of the Union, and in 

 September, 1861, U. S. Grant, on receiving his com- 

 mission as brigadier general, appointed iiis fcllow- 

 townsman Rawli it-adjutant-general, with the 



rank of captain. He remained in close relation to 

 (ion. Grant till the close of his life. He was made 

 brigadier-general in 1863, and chief of staff to the 

 lieutenant-general March 5, 1865. Gen. Grant fre- 

 quently bore testimony to his ability and integrity, 

 and on becoming President heappointed Kawlins Secre- 

 tary of War, but alter six months' tenure the latter 

 died, Sept 6, 1869. A bronze statue of him has been 

 erectfl in Washington. 



It. \\VLIN SON, GKOROE, an English clergyman 

 and historian, was born at Chadlington, Nov. 23, 1815. 

 He was educated at Ealini' School and Trinity College. 

 Oxford, graduating in Is.'iS. Ho was made fellow of 

 Kxeter College and after holding a tutorship for some 

 was appointed classical moderator at Oxford in 

 in. I public examiner in 1854. In company with 

 his brother Henry nnd Sir George Wilkinson, he pre- 

 pared an annotated English translation of The History 

 of Herodotus (1858-60)! He delivered the Bampfoii 

 lectures in 1859 on The Hixim-i'-ni , ,,f t nf 



Truth of the Scripture Record* (I860). In 1 

 was made Camden professor of ancient history at Ox- 

 ford and took part in the movement for University 

 reform. In 187'- Prof. Rawlinson was made a canon of 

 Canterbury. He had in the meantime continued his 

 literary tabors and hud published The five Great. 

 Monarchies nf the Ancient Eastern World (4 vols. , 

 1462-67). To this he afterwards added a History of 



the PUrthian Empire (1870), and finally The Seventh 

 Great Oriental Mminrchi/; the ScUMKVM Empire 

 ( IsTii). He has published some smaller works on his- 

 torical and Hiljlic.il subjects, and has contributed to 

 Smith's Jiictiniiitri/ nf the liililf. the Spealcers Com- 

 :. an I other w.itks. Of his later Works may 

 be im-nlioned '/'.'/ / .\iilinns (l>7s) ; iliiltiry 



nf r.'r/i/pt (- vols., Issl); Rrllgion* of the A 

 World (1SS2): /.'</'//"/ <m<l Ji<tl<ylt>n from Scripture 



fl I', 



His elder brother. Sill llKXIlV CuCWIOm R \w- 



ssiix, was born in 1810, and served in the Bombay 

 army from 1S27 till 1833, when he was sent to I' 

 where he was actively employed until ls:)9 v In the 

 next year he was appointed political agent at Kandahar 

 where, amid the troubles of t lie Afghans, hesuc< 

 in preserving peace. In March, IS 14, he was ap- 

 pointed consul at Bagdad, and in 1851 consul-general. 

 In 1853 he resigned this post and was made a director 

 of the Kxst India Company, and in 1S50 K. C. B. In 

 1858 he was for a short time a member of Parliament, 

 and in September was made a member of the council 

 of India. In April, ls5'J. he was sent as envoy to 

 Persia. He was again in Parliament |v'..V-r,s. and waa 

 then reappointed a member of the council for India, 

 In 1S7S he was made a trustee of the British Museum, 

 published many papers on the antiquities of the 

 Kast, and gathered into a Volume Enyland nnd Russia 

 in the East (1S75). 



RAY, ISAAC (1807-1881), alienist, was born at 

 Beverly, Mass., in I>n7. He graduated at Bowdoin 

 College in lM'7 and studied medicine. While t-r 

 in practice at Ktustport, Me., he entered on the study 

 of insanity, the result of which was given in his 

 Mnlictil Jiirixjirittli-iitT nf /nsnnitl/ (1838). He was 

 called to take charge of the State Insane Hospital, at 

 Augusta, and in I S I"> was made superintendent of the 

 newly established Butler Hospital, at Providence, R. I. 

 In I860 he remove.) to Philadelphia, and he died (hero 

 March 31, 1SS,I. lie published several treatises oil 

 mental health, and contributed on the same topic to 

 medical journals. 



RAYLEIGH, JOHN WII.I.IAM STKITT, BAUON, 

 was born at Ferling Place, Essex, England. Nov. 12, 

 1S4'J. Being of a delicate constitution, he was placed 

 under a private tutor, and early developed a fondness 

 lor experimental research, his chief amusement while 

 young being in photography. In October. 1S61, ho 

 entered Trinity College. Cambridge, where he was 

 classed by his fellow -students among the "reading 

 men." 1%' took several prizes and graduated willi 

 distinguished honors, being, both senior wrangler and 

 Smith's prizeman. Trinity elected him a fellow, as ia 

 the custom towards students who distinguish them- 

 selves in the final examination. On June 14, 1S72, he 

 succeeded to his title of Baron Itayleigh. and in the 

 same year was elected a Fellow of tile Koyal Society, 

 to whose Transaction* he had contributed many im- 

 portant papers. In ISSl' the medal of this society 

 was conferred upon him, in recognition of the im- 

 portance <if his scientific Work. On the death, in 

 IS7'.l, of Clerk Maxwell, professor of Kxperimental 

 Physics at Cambridge, Jjord Rayleigh was elected to 

 the professorship, ami since then has devoted much 

 time to the organization of the magnificent Cavendish 

 laboratory. In ISSl he was president ol' the British 

 lion during its session in Montreal. 



Ixird Kayleigh's writings arc scattered through the 

 proceedings of several of the learned societies of Kng- 

 land. Sonic of them have been collected into a vol- 

 ume and published separately, but the deep mathe- 

 matical studies involved render them too difficult for 

 general reading. His only extended work, The Tlitory 

 nf Snnnd, is a valuable mathematical treatise in two 

 volumes. He also wrote the article on "Optics" for 

 the Kv v< I.OP/EDIA BRITANNICA. His determination 

 of the ohm was accepted by the Paris Conference of 

 ians (1883-4) as the basis of electrical resist- 



