RAYMONB-REBER. 



319 



ance, and his recent experiments on measuring the 

 strength of the electrical current by the deposition of 

 silver promise to result in a method of great accuracy. 

 Lord Rayleigh is still actively engaged in the study of 

 optics, efectro-dynamics, and kindred sciences, and is a 

 mathematician of marked ability. (c. M. ) 



RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1 820-1 8C9), jour- 

 nalist, was born at Lima, N. Y., Jan. 24, 1820. 

 Brought up on a fann, he graduated at the University 

 of Vermont in 1840 and went to New York city to 

 study law. Coming into contact, however, with Horace 

 Greeley. he began to write for the press, and when the 

 New fork Tiihunt was established, in 1841, Raymond 

 was associated in the enterorise. He developed special 

 excellence as a reporter of public addresses and skill 

 in securing important news. Eventually his more con- 

 servative character led to some differences with Gree- 

 ley, and in 1848 he became assistant editor of James 

 Watson Webb's Courier and Enquirer. He had 

 already been literary adviser of the publishing firm of 

 Harper Brothers, and to his suggestion the founding 

 of Harper's Magazine in 1850 was due. Raymond's 

 activity reached beyond news] tapers and periodicals, 

 and in 1849 he was elected to the State Legislature as 

 a Whig. In the next year he was chosen Speaker of 

 the Assembly, and, after a visit to Europe, he de- 

 termined to establish a newspaper of his own. The 

 New York Times accordingly made its first appearance 

 Sept. 18, 1851. and by his wise management speedily 

 won success. Raymond was an anti-slavery Whig, and 

 in the national convention of his party at Baltimore in 

 ]S52 he declared the position of the Northern Whigs. 

 Though his party was defeated in the election following, 

 he still had such influence in his State that he was 

 chosen lieutenant-governor in 1854. More than ever 

 determined to resist the aggression of the Southern 

 slaveholders, he assisted in forming the Republican 

 party and drafted the Address ti> the People, issued by 

 its first national convention at Pittsburg in 1856. Its 

 presidential candidate. John C. Fremont, was defeated, 

 and in the next year Raymond declined a rcnomination 

 as lieutenant-governor. In 1859 he went to Europe, 

 and as a war correspondent accompanied the French 

 army in its campaign in Northern Italy. In the Re- 

 publican National Convention at Chicago, in 1800, 

 Raymond advocated the nomination of Seward, yet 

 acquiesced in the choice of Lincoln, to whose election 

 he contributed. In 1861 he again became a member 

 and Speaker of the New York Assembly. In IMil he 

 was prominent in the Republican National Convention 

 at Baltimore, which nominated Pres. Lincoln for 

 a second term. He was then elected to Congress, and 

 in that body, after Andrew Johnson hud succeeded to 

 the Presidency, Raymond followed Secretary Seward's 

 example in supporting Johnson's new policy towards 

 the Southern States. In furtherance of this move- 

 ment a convention was held in Philadelphia in 18 

 for which Raymond wrote the Addreuand Declaration 

 nf Principle*. The movement, however, was a failure, 

 and he resolved thenceforth to confine his energies to 

 journalism. Overwork and, perhaps, disappointment 

 Drought his career to a premature end at New York, 

 June 18, 18C9. Apart from his contributions to news- 

 papers and periodicals almost his only publication was 

 a Life of Ahrahftm L>>icf>ln (1865). See Maverick's 

 Henry J. Raymond and the New York Press. 



(J. P. T,.) 



READ, rTKonoF, (1734-1798), a signer of the Decla- 

 ration of Independence, was born in Cecil co., Md., 

 Sept. 18. 1733. His father had come from Ireland in 

 1726 and eventually settled in New Castle co. , Del. 

 The son was educated under Rev. Francis Allison and 

 studied law in Philadelphia. Being admitted to the 

 bar, he settled at Newcastle, and in J763 he was made 

 attorney-general of Delaware. He resigned this office 

 on being chosen a delegate to the Continental Congress 

 in 1774. In 1776, though he did not vote for the 

 passage of the Declaration of Independence, he after- 



wards signed it. He also presided at the convention 

 which framed the constitution of Delaware, and in 

 1777 he became its chief executive on the capture of 

 Pres. McKinley. He was made, in 1782, a judge of 

 the Court of Appeal in admiralty cases. In 1788 he 

 assisted in framing the Federal Constitution, and under 

 it he was elected to the U. S. Senate. At the close of 

 bis term in 1793 he was made chief justice of Dela- 



READ, THOMAS BUCHANAN (1822-1872), painter 



and poet, was born in Chester co 



1822. At the age of 17 he went to Cincinnati and 

 studied art under the sculptor Clevenger. In 1841 he 

 opened a studio in New York, but soon removed to 

 Boston. His first volume of Poems appeared in 1847, 

 and in the next year he edited The Female Poets of 

 America. He spent some years in art-study in Rome, 

 and returned to Cincinnati in 1858. The New Pas- 

 toral ( 1 885), describing the removal of a farmer's family 

 from Pennsylvania to the Mississippi Valley, gives many 

 faithful pictures of American rustic life and scenery. 

 The outbreak of the civil war stimulated Read's 

 genius to the production of The Wagnnrr of the AUe- 

 ahenies (1862), which was read through the country by 

 the elocutionist, James E. Murdoch, for the benefit of 

 the Sanitary Commission. A shorter but more famous 

 poem, written for Mr. Murdoch, was Sheridan' t Ride 

 (1864), in illustration of which Read afterwards em- 

 ployed his pencil with success. lie died at New 

 York. May 11, 1872. 



READING, a city of Pennsylvania, the county-seat 

 of Berks co., is on the Schuylkill River, 58 miles 

 N. W. of Philadelphia, with which it is connected 

 by the Philadelphia and Reading and the Schuylkill 

 Valley Railroads. Fourteen different lines of railroad 

 meet here. The city is regulaily hud out, and its site 

 gradually rises to the neighboring hills, which not only 

 afford picturesque views, but give a copious supply of 

 pure water. Besides a court-house ana city-hall it has 

 an open-boon, academy of music, public library, 38 

 churches, a normal, high, and other public and 

 private schools. There are also three national banks, 

 a savings bank, and 5 daily and 12 weekly papers, half 

 of which are in the German language. Reading is 

 largely engaged in iron and steel manufactures of all 

 kinds, rolling-mills, foundries, furnaces, and machine- 

 shops being numerous. There are also manufactures 

 of hats, paper, cigars, cotton-goods, bricks, etc. 

 Reading was settled in 1748, was made a borough in 

 1783, and a city in 1847. Its population in 1880 was 

 43,278. 



REAGAN, JOHN HENNINGEU, statesman, was born 

 in Sevierco. , Tcnn., Oct. 8, 1818. He received a par- 

 tial college education but did not graduate. Becom- 

 ing a lawyer, he went in 1839 to Texas where he was 

 a deputy-surveyor of public lands for four ; r eare. In 

 1847 he was elected to the State Legislature and in 

 1852 was made judge of a district court. In 1857 he 

 was elected to Congress and in 1861 he was a member 

 of the State Convention which declared the secession 

 of Texas. He was sent as delegate to the provisional 

 Confederate Convention and in March, 1861, was made 

 postmaster-general of the Confederacy. This position 

 he held till the close of the war, being also for a short 

 time acting secretary of the treasury. In 1875 he was 

 a member of the Texas Constitutional Convention and 

 was also elected to Congress, in which he lias since 

 served by repeated re-election. He has been a promi- 

 nent advocate of congressional supervision of inter- 

 State commerce, and the act passed in 1886 sub- 

 stantially embodies the measures which he has long 

 urged. 



REAL ESTATE. See PROPERTY. 



REAPING MACHINES. See AGRICULTURE, 

 Chap. III. 



REBER, FRANZ VON, German art-historian, was 



