REED-REFORMATORIES. 



329 



1880). During Mr. Gladstone's brief administration 

 in 1886 Sir Edward Reed was Lord of the Treasury. 

 He has been a member of various committees to inves- 

 tigate subjects connected with naval affairs. His works 

 on Practtctd Shipbuilding, Iron-dad Ships, and Coast 

 Defense, are of high value. 



REED, JOSEPH (1741-1785), patriot, was born at 

 Trenton, N. J., August 27, 1741, graduated at Princeton 

 in 1757, and studied law at the Temple, London. In 

 1 767 he was appointed deputy secretary of New Jersey, 

 and while on a visit to England in 1 770 he married 

 Esther, daughter of Dennis de Berdt, the agent for 

 Massachusetts. On his return he settled in Philadel- 

 phia, and kept np a correspondence with Lord Dart- 

 mouth, English Colonial Secretary. He was a member 

 of the committee of correspondence in 1774, and Presi- 

 dent of the Pennsylvania Convention in 1775. He 



scientific attainments procured for him fellowship in 

 the Royal Society and the Linnaean Society. In 1802 

 he commenced the Cydopcedia which is known by his 

 name, and completed it in 1819 in 45 volumes. This 

 able work was soon reprinted in Philadelphia. Dr. 

 Rees died June 9, 1825. 



RKEVE, TAPPING (1744-1823), lawyer, was born 

 at Brookhaven, L. I., October, 1744. He graduated at 

 Princeton College in 17C3, and settled at Litchfield, 

 Conn., in 1772. There he practised law and soon had 

 as a student and an inmate of his family Aaron Burr, 

 whose sister he had married. Burr left him for the 

 more adventurous career which the arm}' offered. In 

 1 784, when peace was established, Reeve instituted the 

 Litchfield Law School, whose reputation soon spread to 

 other States. Until _1 798 he gave all the instruction 

 himself, but then being made Judge of the Superior 



was elected a delegate to Congress, bnt accompanied j Court of Connecticut, he called nu assistant to his aid 



r 1 * . I * -ft t 1 _V'it_Vl T 1 1 1 1M 1*1 1 .1 



Washington, at his request, to Cambridge, as his 

 secretary. In 1776 he was adjutant-general, and in 

 1777 was named brigadier-general by Congress, but 

 declined, though he served at Brandywine and other 

 battles as a volunteer. Bancroft, on the strength of a 

 report made by Count Donop in 1776, charges Reed 

 with disaffection to the patriot cause. On the other 

 hand, Reed is reported to have replied to offers from 

 British peace-commissioners : " I am not worth pur- 

 chasing, but such as I am, the King of Great Britain 

 is not rich enough to bny me." He certainly exposed 

 the misconduct of Benedict Arnold in Philadelphia, 

 and had him brought to trial. He was President of 

 Pennsylvania in 1778, and was active in suppressing 

 the mutiny of the ill-paid soldiers in 1781. He died at 

 Philadelphia, March 6, 1785. Both his grandsons 

 wrote his Lift, HcnryinSparks's.(4nienVw Btograpky, 

 and William more fully with his letters (2 vols., 1847), 

 in order to vindicate his character against the attacks 

 of Bancroft in his History of^ tJie United States. The 

 latter defended his position in an essay, Joseph Reed 

 (1867). 



His grandson, HENRY REED (1808-1854), was bom 

 at Philadelphia, July 11, 1808. After graduating at 

 the University of Pennsylvania in 1825, he studied 

 law with John Sergeant, but in 1831 was called to a 

 professorship in his alma mater. He was a devoted 

 student of Wordsworth, and edited the first complete 

 American edition of his Poems. In 1854 he visited 

 England, and on his return voyage went down at sea 

 in the steamer Arctic, Kept. 27, 1854. He had ed- 

 ited various historical and poetical works of English 

 authors. Of his lectures his brother afterwards edited 

 JCnr/fish Literature. (1855); English History, Illiiit- 

 trnted from Shakespeare (1856) ; and Jiritish Poett 

 (1857). 



Another grandson, WILLIAM BRADFORD REED 

 (1806-1876), born June 30, 1806. graduated at the 

 University of Pennsylvania in 1822, and became 

 Attorney-General of Pennsylvania in 1838. After a 

 successful career at the bar, he was sent as minister to 

 China in 1X57, and negotiated a treaty with that nation. 

 After his return, he was strongly opposed to the war 

 for the Union, lost his fortune anil law practice, and 

 became a journalist. During the civil war he was fora 

 time the American correspondent of the London Times. 

 He dic<l at. New York. 1-Yb. IK, 1876. Besides various 

 Ixxiks and pamphlets in defence of his grandfather, he 

 published World Essnys ; Amonij My Boohs. 



ItKKS. AURAHAM (1743-1825), a British educator 

 and encyclopaedist, was born at Llanbrynmair, Wales, 

 in 1743. He was educated for the Presbyterian min- 

 i.xtry. and was for over twenty years tutor in the 

 Hiixton academy. In 17C>H he was ordained also 

 pastor of a 1'rrsbytcrian church in Southwark. London, 

 and after holding this post fifteen years, took charge 



See Vol. XX. 

 p. 338 (p. 350 

 Am. Rep.). 



in the school. Reeve held liberal ideas, and was the 

 first lawyer of eminence to urge reform in regard to 

 giving married women control of their property. He 

 published the Laio of Baron and Femme ; Parent and 

 Child, Guardian and Ward (1816). He died at 

 Litchfield, Dec. 13, 1823. After his death his treatise 

 on the Law of Descents appeared. 

 REFORMATORIES AND REFORMATORY METH- 

 ODS. The term Reformatory, within 

 the pnrview of this article, has refer- 

 ence solely to such prisons, or places of 

 detention for persons, convicted of of- 

 fences against the criminal laws as are set apart for 

 the express purpose of making the reformation of 

 their inmates the main object of their creation. 



Reformatories are of three classes: (I) for adult 

 criminals convicted of felonies, of which the reforma- 

 tory at Elmira, N. Y., is a tyj>ical specimen. Any 

 prison may be reformatory in its aims, and all 

 modern prisons, perhaps, have reformation in view 

 more or less, bnt convict prisons designated as reform- 

 atories are such as are specially set apart for the re- 

 ception of young men convicted of their first offence, 

 and who are considered corrigible by the court in 

 which they are convicted and sentenced. 



(2.) For adult criminals convicted of offences less 

 than felony. This class includes houses of correction 

 and workhouses. 



(3.) For criminal youth. This class includes all in- 

 stitutions for the care of juvenile offenders convicted 

 of violations of the criminal laws. 



Orphan asylums, children's homes, and other insti- 

 tutions for the care of dependent children, who are 

 simply unfortunate and not criminal, are not reforma- 

 tories any more than Sunday-schools or day-schools, 

 and should not be included in the same category. It 

 is true, children entirely innocent of any criminal con- 

 duct are often found in reformatories, but their com- 

 mitment to such institutions is a wrong which ought 

 not to be permitted. Reformatories are for persons 

 who have attained the age of legal responsibility, and 

 who have been convicted of actual violations of law, 

 and their presence there necessarily imposes a taint 

 which society has no right to impart to such as are in- 

 nocent or irresponsible, and to do so is to perpetrate a 

 crime against childhood. Institutions for the care of 

 dependent children are of the highest value, and for 

 the prevention of crime their usefulness cannot be ex- 

 aggerated, but they are not, in any penological sense, 

 reformatories. 



The reformation of criminals, whether old or young, 

 as a proper object of governmental action, is an idea of 

 comparatively recent origin. In the treatment of of- 

 fenders, for the repression of crime, the dominant idea 

 of the world has been deterrence by severity. An eye 

 for an eye ; tooth for tooth ; life for life, has been the 



:* IIIMIIIII^ llll^ |HJ2t Ulieill Jtilin, H-'Ufc Ullill^t; l\Jl ait cj*/ , iiwin IVB ^AWUII , it 



of another oonirrention. In 17X'> ho became principal | established formula of belief, and to a large extent 

 of nu aeadi 'iny at liaekncy. In that year he completed j this idea still prevails, hut happily, as Christianity 

 an edition of ( 'lumbers' Cyd^ifxnUa, on which he had j broadened the influence of its teachings, and experi- 

 been engaged for ten years. His wide learning and ence demonstrated the efficiency of its regenerating 

 VOL. IV.-v 



