REICITENBA.CII RETNKENS. 



341 



tion Principle*, 1st ed., 1806 ; 6th ed.. New York, 1871 ; Re- 

 funned Presbyterian Testimony, Philadelphia, 1881 ; Re- 

 formed Presbyterian Advocate, & monthly, Philadelphia; 

 Banner of the Covenant, a monthly, Philadelphia; He- 

 formed Presbyterian and Comtanlrr, a monthly, Pitls- 

 tmrg, Pa. ; Ourlianner, a monthly, New York ; Joseph it. 

 AVilsmi, Presbyterian Historical Almanac, Philadelphia ; 

 W. B. Spnigue, Annals of the American Pulpit, vol. ix. ; 

 W. M. (.ihisgow, History of the Jiejormed Presbyterian 

 I'hmvh in America, Baltimore. 1888; Samuel B. Wylie, 

 Jteiiwin ojf Alexander ilcLeud, New York, Ih55 ; Life, and 

 \\'ork ofj. K. W. Hloane, New York, 1888. (D. B. W.) 



KEICHENBACH, HEINRICH GOTTLIEB Lupwio 

 (17'.K!-187y), German naturalist, was born at Leipsic, 

 Jan. 8, 17'J3. He studied medicine and the natural 

 sciences in the university of his native city, and was 

 made, in succession, doctor of philosophy and of medi- 

 cine, and professor-adjunct. In 1820 he accepted a 

 call to the chair of natural history in the medical school 

 of Dresden, which he held till 1862. He established 

 the botanical garden there and completely rearranged 

 the zoological museum. He proposed a new system 

 of plant classification based on purely genetic charac- 

 ters, and dividing the whole vegetable kingdom into 8 

 classes in accordance with the development of the 

 organs, his system being thus akin to those of Jus- 

 sieu and l>e Candolle. His principal works are : Con- 

 *j)c/M.s Kfffni Vf i/i tul ill is (Leipsic, 1828); Flora Ger- 

 iiuiiiii'ii J-.'j'i'iiixiiirn with his JI>nitl/,uch des mitur- 

 liclirtt i J lnii3i-ii-Si/xlim (Leipsic. 1837): and associated 

 with the.se his jinnoyriipliia Flora? Oernutnioce with 

 2700 colored engravings (vols. 1 to 22, Leipsic, 1823- 

 84). In the department of zoology he published /,'/ 

 mini Animale with 79 engravings (Leipsic, 18:M-:;i>); 

 DtulscUnndt Fauna (2 vols., 1842); and Die Voll- 

 ttiindigste X<ititrrieschichte des In und Ant-landcs (Leip- 

 sic, 1845). He died March 17, 1879. His son, HKIN- 

 RICH (JUSTAV REICIIESBACH, born Jan. 3, 1824, also 

 became professor of botany and director of the Botan- 

 ical Garden at Hamburg. He is the author of several 

 BOOOcnphl on the Composite and the Orchidacese. 



RE1CHENBACEI, KARL VON, BARON (1788-1869), 

 German naturalist and technologist, was born Feb. 

 12, 1788, at Stuttgart, Wurtemberg, where his father 

 was court-librarian. He studied at Tubingen, where 

 he received the degree of Ph. D. His project for the 

 establishment of a German settlement in the South 

 Sea Islands was suspected by the French to have 

 some hidden political significance, and he was seized in 

 Tubingen and committed for some months to the for- 

 tress of Hohenasperg. On regaining his freedom he 

 devoted himself wholly to the natural sciences and 

 their application to the industrial arts. After visiting 

 the leading manufacturers in Germany and France, he 

 engaged in charcoal-making at Vilingen and Hansach. 

 In 1821, in conjunction with Count Hugo of Salm, he 

 established iron-works and other manufactures at 

 Blansko, Moravia, by his skilful and economical man- 

 agement of which he acquired a large fortune. This he 

 invested in the purchase of large estates at Keisenberg, 

 interesting himself largely in the rearing of silkworms 

 and the production of beet-root sugar. In 1839 the 

 king of Wurteinberg conferred on him the rank of 

 baron. He U famed chiefly (or his investigations into 

 the compound products resulting from the distillation 

 of organic substances, and as the discoverer of creosote 

 and paraffin, and of a supposed new force in nature 

 which he denominated ()<1. lie died Jan. 19, 1869. 

 Among his literary productions may be noted : Geolo- 

 guclie Mitlliriliuif/i'ii mix Mii In-ill (1834), the first geo- 

 logical monograph published in Austria; Dag Krentot 

 (Halle, 1833) ; an edition of the works of Schweigger- 

 Seidel (Leipsic, 1835) ; Die Diiimmidr. >lex Mar/neti- 

 (1840); Der Urnititiri ilnttA (1854); Odvtch- 

 Brlefe (1855); Oditclie Erwiedemngen 

 , , besides many contributions to scientific periodi- 

 cals. 



REID. SAMUEL CHESTER (i 783-1 861). the designer 

 of tht present. American flag, was bom at Norwich, 



Conn.. Aug. 25, 17S3. He went to sea when only 

 eleven years old and being captured by a French pri- 

 vateer was detained for six months. He was afterwards 

 a midshipman in the U. S. navy, and in the war of 

 1812 commanded the privateer brig General Arm- 

 strong, having 7 guns and 90 men. On Sept. 20, 

 1814, in Fayal Roads, he was attacked by the boats of 

 a British squadron, but defeated them with a loss of 

 over 200 men, while his own was only 2 killed and 7 

 wounded, though he was obliged to scuttle his vessel 

 to prevent its capture. The attack on the Armstrong 

 was long the subject of diplomatic controversy, but the 

 case was finally decided by the arbitration of Louis 

 Napoleon, when president of the French Republic, in 

 favor of the British. Capt. Reid was made a sailing 

 master in the II. 8, navy, and in later years was also 

 warden of the port of New York. For his connection 

 with the U. S, flag see article FLAG. He also in- 

 vented the signal arrangements formerly in use be- 

 tween Sandy Hook and the Battery in New York 

 harbor. He died at New York, Jan. 28, 1801. 



REID, WHITELAW, journalist, was born at Xeniu, 

 Ohio, in 1837. His father, a strict Covenanter, had 

 been one of the roundel's of the town. Whitelaw grad- 

 uated at Miami University in 1856 and entered the 

 field of journalism. His brilliant letters to the Cincin- 

 nati Gazette signed "Agate" soon made hiui widely 

 known. On the outbreak of the civil war he served as 

 a volunteer aid in West Virginia, and was war corre- 

 spondent with the Army of the Cumberland and the 

 Army of the Potomac. At the close of the war ho 

 travelled throughout the South, and for a few months 

 tried cotton-planting in Louisiana. He then became 

 one of the proprietors of the Cincinnati Gazette, but 

 in 1868 was called by Horace Greeley to be his asso- 

 ciate in editing the New York Tribune. As managing 

 editor he displayed force and skill in gathering news. 

 When Greeley was nominated for the Presidency in 

 1872 the control of the paper was placed in Reid's 

 hands, and there it has since remained through various 

 changes of ownership. Having renewed cordial rela- 

 tions with the Republican party, he has made the 

 paper a leading exponent of its policy. His books 

 comprise After the War (1866); Ohio in the War 

 (2 vols., ises); Memorial of Horace Greeley (1873). 



REINISCH, LEO, Austrian Egyptologist, was born 

 at Osterwiti, Styria, Oct. 26, 1832. He was educated 

 at Gratz and at the University of Vienna, and devoted 

 himself to Egyptology. In this department of that 

 university he was made professor extraordinary in 

 1868, and professor ordinary in 1872. He has made 

 several journey's to Africa, and in 1865 with Lepsius 

 he discovered the bilingual inscription at Tanis. In 

 1866 Reinisch accompanied the Emperor Maximilian's 

 expedition to Mexico. Since 1873 he has devoted at- 

 tention chiefly to the languages of East Africa, and has 

 prepared several grammars and dictionaries of them 

 which have been published by the Academy of Vienna. 

 Besides several monographs on Egyptian subjects 

 he prepared Aiyyptinclie Chrestumathie (2 vols., 

 1873-75). 



RKINKENS, JOSEPH HUBERT, a German Old- 

 Catholic bishop, was born at Burtscheid near Aix-la- 

 Chapelle. March 1, 1821. He was educated at Bonn, 

 and studied theology at Cologne and Munich, taking 

 his doctor's degree at the latter in 1849. He began to 

 teach history at Breslau in 1850, and became professor 

 of theology there in 1857. He was also preacher in 

 the cathedral from 1852 to 1858. In 1870, having pub- 

 lished an essay on The P}>e and hi* Power according 

 to St. Bernard, he was warned by the Prince-bishop 

 FOrster, who also sought to hinder the publication of 

 his treatise on Papal InfitUHAlify. On August 26, at 

 Nuremberg. Reinkens joined with Diillinger and 

 others in a declaration against the Vatican Council. To 

 the subsequent controversy Reinkens contributed some 

 six pamphlets, which were collected under the title Tlie 

 Papal Decree of July 18, l8"o(187J). At the Old- 



