RENO-REPRESENTATION. 



345 



tlic later works for which it led the way are but little 

 known aud seldom named. Infidels of other nations 

 demand a coarser and stronger polemic against Chris- 

 tituiity. But in France the exquisite grace of Renan's 

 style and the charm of his poetic fancies will enable 

 him to hold a foremost place among her writers. 



(J. P. L.) 



RENO, JESSE LEE (1823-1862), general, was born 

 at Wheeling, VV. Va., June 20. 1823. Appointed cadet 

 from Pennsylvania, he graduated at West Point 

 Academy in 1846, and entered the ordnance depart- 

 ment. He was engaged in the Mexican war, ana by 

 his gallantry won brevets at Cerro Gordo and Cbapul- 

 tei>ec, being wounded at the latter. He was after- 

 ward assistant professor, of mathematics at West 

 Point, and was employed in the Coast Survey and 

 on other duty. He was ordnance officer in Gen. A. Sid- 

 ney Johnston's expedition to Utah. On the outbreak 

 of the civil war he remained faithful in his allegiance, 

 anil in November, 1 861 , he was madebrigadier-generaj of 

 volunteers. He took part in Burnside's expedition 

 to North Carolina, fought at Roanoke Island, and as- 

 sisted in the capture of New Berne. In July, 1862, 

 he was ordered to reinforee McClellan's army, and he 

 afterward joined Gen. Pope's army. Having com- 

 mand of the Ninth Corps, he fought near Manassas. 

 When McClellan was again appointed to the chief 

 command, Reno was in the advance and engaged the 

 enemy at South Mountain. Md.. Sept., 14, 1862. By 

 his gallantry and activity he contributed to the victory, 

 but was killed before the close of the day. 



RKNOUF, PETER LE PAOE, an English Oriental- 

 ist, was born on the Island of Guernsey, in 1824. He 

 was educated there at Elizabeth College and afterward 

 at Pembroke College, Oxford. In 1842 he became a 

 Roman Catholic, and when the Catholic University of 

 Ireland was opened in 1855 he was made professor of 

 ancient history and Oriental languages. Here he also 

 assisted in editing Atlantis and the Ifnme find Fnr- 

 eir/n Review. In 1864 he was appointed an inspector 

 of schools, and held this position for many years. 

 His work on The Condemnation nf Inline Hnnnritix 

 (1868) was attacked by the Roman Cathojic press and 

 was placed on the Index, but Rcnouf maintained and 

 defended his position. He had previously published 

 some controversial works, but his principal work has 

 been in Egyptian philology. He delivered the Hib- 

 bert lectures in 1878 on The Ancient Relit/ion* nf En- 

 rnpe. In 1885, on the death of Dr. Bamucl Birch, 

 Remmf was appointed keeper of the Egyptian an- 

 tK|tiit!e* in the British Museum. 



KBNWICK, JAMKS (17'.>-1863), physicist, was 

 horn at Liverpool, England, May 30, 1790, but was 

 early brought to New York city. He graduated at 

 ('oiniiii'!;t College in 1807, with the highest honors, 

 and in 1810 he returned to lecture on natural philosn- 



Chy. In 1817 he was made a trustee of the college, 

 ut in 1822 he resigned that position on being ap- 

 pointed professor of experimental philosophy and 

 chemistry. He did much to diffuse in the tJnited 

 States the knowledge of natural sciences by his text- 

 books. His Outlines nf Natural P/iilosnphy (2 

 vols., 1832) was the first important treatise on that 

 subject in this country, and his Ovtlinrr. of (!>iit/iff;i 

 (1 838) had a similar precedence. He also published 

 Elements nf Mechanic* (1832) and I^mctical Applica- 

 tion* nf Mixhnnict (1840). His Treatise on the titeam- 

 J-'nf/iiie (1840) was highly esteemed as a practical 

 gniile. In the field ofbiography he was also a diligent 

 laliorer, preparing Lire* of Fulton, Rittenhouse, 

 (/'omit Kiimfiird, T)e Witt Clinton, Jay, and Hamil- 

 ton. In 1838 he was one of the U. S. Commissioners 

 appointed to explore the region of the North-East 

 Boundary. In 1853 he resigned his professorship, 

 l>iil ennliiiued in oilier ways his labors for the advance- 

 ment of science and its practical applications, lie 

 died at New York. Jan. 12. 18fi3. 

 His son, JAMKS HEN-WICK, born Nov. 3, 1818, gr.idu- 

 VOL. IV.-w 



| ated at Columbia College in 1836, and became a civil 

 engineer. He was engaged in work on the Erie Rail- 

 way and the Croton Aqueduct. Afterwards becom- 

 ing an architect, he constructed Grace Church, St. 

 Patrick's Cathedral, the building of the Smithsonian 

 Institution, the Corcoran gallery at Washington, Vas- 

 sar College, and other buildings. 



REPRESENTATION. Popular governments, in 

 which the mass of the people of a community partici- 

 pate in the exercise of public authority, usually ex- 

 hibit two methods of exercising such popular function. 

 In small communities the direct participation of the 

 people in the enactment of laws and the control of 

 administration, acting together in public assemblies, is 

 practicable and frequently exists, but where the num- 

 bers participating in such government exceed what 

 could DC conveniently assembled for such purpose, and 

 where the distances to a place of common meeting are 

 too great to admit of the assembling of a considerable 

 portion of the citizens, the necessity exists for delegat- 

 ing authority to certain selected persons to perform 

 such duties in the name and with the authority of 

 such community. The persons thus selected for the 

 purpose of enacting laws to regulate the affairs of the 

 community are designated representatives, and the 

 relation in which they stand to the citizens from 

 whom their authority is derived is expressed by the 

 term representation. 



Every agency in which one acts in the name and 

 with the authority of another is an instance of repre- 

 sentation, in the general sense of the term, but politi- 

 cal agencies attended with a delegation of authority to 

 make laws are properly expressed by the term repre- 

 sentation in its institutional sense. According to gen- 

 eral usage, this implies a legislative body consisting of 

 representatives who deliberate and act together, in one 

 or more assemblies, by the votes of some predeter- 

 mined number or proportion of the whole assembly. 

 Governments in which the whole body of the citizens 

 act together directly in the enactment of laws are de- 

 scribed as pure democracies, while those that have leg- 

 islative bodies composed of representatives chosen by 

 the people are designated as representative popular 

 governments, and very commonly as republics. 



While the theoretical origin of representation traces 

 the institution to the necessities of large and populous 

 communities sustaining popular institutions, the his- 

 toric origin is in the causes that transferred the source 

 from which legislative authority was derived frotn 

 monarchs, dignitaries, and privileged classes to the 

 body of the people or some considerable part of that 

 body. In the great governments of Europe the ad- 

 mission of the citizen to the individual right of partici- 

 pating in the choice of representatives is of modern 

 origin, and was preceded by the indirect exercise of 

 that right as a member of some municipality or other 

 political community or of some organization of a 

 mixed political and industrial character. Popular 

 representation owes its establishment largely to the 

 necessities of the governing classes for money, and the 

 struggle by which in England it obtained definite and 

 fixed recognition has associated together the ideas of 

 taxation and representation as having a peculiar con- 

 nection, while in an accurate sense all the powers of 

 government are equally related to representation as the 

 proper means of their exercise. 



Popular representation in America was directly de- 

 rived from the English system transferred to this 

 country and implanted in the first colonial govern- 

 ments. The condition of the colonies admitted of no 

 other system conformably to the customs of England, 

 as the populations of the colonies were scattered over 

 wide areas and were homogeneous and without class 

 differences to serve as the foundation of oligarchical 

 institutions. From the colonial governments popular 

 representation passed into the government of the 

 United States and of the respective States under the 

 Articles of Confederation, and thence into the existing 



