REYBAUD. 



371 



Sixth Campaign, 1780. 



Thus far Sir Henry Clinton had almost undisputed 

 success in the South. He naturally began operations 

 there for 1780. With a good naval force, under Com. 

 Arbuthnot, escorting 7500 troops of the line, Clinton 

 appeared before Charleston about April 1 and com- 

 menced a siege. Gen. Lincoln, with some 600 pa- 

 triots, made a prolonged defence. Col. Huger cov- 

 ered his communications at Monk's Corner with about 

 300 more. The terrible Gen. Tarleton, with 800 men, 

 fell upon this guard April 14, dispersed it, and so held 

 Lincoln's rear. At last. May 12, 1780, the gallant but 

 unfortunate Lincoln surrendered his entire army. 



Sir Henry followed up his victory by expeditions 

 into the interior. Fort 96 was captured. Tarleton 

 surprised Col. Buford's 300 Virginians at Waxhaw 

 and "massacred or maimed every man." Now be- 

 lieving South Carolina subjugated, Clinton, leaving 

 CornwallLs to replace him, returned to New York. 

 The patriots Surnter and Marion were not yet con- 

 quered. They would suddenly gather their clans and 

 clouds of battle would seem to burst from a clear pky. 

 Rocky Mount was garrisoned by about .ii M) New Y ork 

 and South Carolina Tory volunteers, commanded by 

 Lieut. -Col. Turnbull. Sumter, with 6UO patriots, as- 

 saulted the works with impetuosity several times, but 

 could not carry them ; yet a little later, at Hanging 

 Rock, he was victorious over Col. Brown and a similar 

 garrison. Lord Cornwallis had come out as far as 

 Camden, S. C., with 2200 men. Gen. Gates, re- 

 placing Lincoln, had gathered 3000 effectives. He 

 and Cornwallis had both determined to attack at Jay- 

 light, August 1(3, and each began a night march. 

 They met about 2. 30 A. M. , skirmishing till dawn and 

 then engaged. Gates was completely out-generalled 

 and his army almost destroyed. Sumter, two days 

 after, was surprised by Tarleton, and of his 700 fol- 

 lowers only about 200 escaped death and capture. 

 But already a change had come. One of the most 

 active of the royal officers was Major Patrick Fer- 

 guson, 71st Regulars. He had with him at King's 

 Mountain, N. C., 900 soldiers. The patriots of Vir- 

 ginia and North Carolina had run together, ho ping to 

 assist (Jen. Gates; 1100 under Cols. William Camp- 

 bell, Cleveland, and Williams had asked for a general 

 officer, but Col. Campbell had charge till his arrival. 

 On the morning of October 7 they rushed upon Fer- 

 guson's position, slew him, and completely routed his 

 Force. 



Seventh Campaign, 1781. 



Gen. Greene's Operations in the Carolina*. E;irly 

 in January, 1781, Gen. Greene, who relieved Gen. 

 Gates of his command, arrived on the borders of 

 North Carolina. He at once reorganized ; the patriots 

 flocked to hi.s standard, and he began to control the 

 partisan leaders. He first sent a detachment of 900 

 under Gen. Morgan into South Carolina to check 

 depredations. The ubiquitous Tarleton overtook him 

 at Cowpens, and the engagement was a sharp one, but 

 resulted in a thorough victory for Morgan and a loss 

 to Tarleton of over 800 men. To get clear of Corn- 

 wallis' pursuit. Morgan retreated till he had joined 

 Gen. Greene in North Carolina. The celerity of 

 Greene and heavy storms coming in quick succession 

 kept Cornwallis at bay till the patriot army was suffi- 

 ciently reinforced to risk a battle. 



_At Guilford Court-House Gen. Greene took position 

 with about 4000 men. Cornwallis made an attack 

 March 15, and finally, after a close contest, dislodged 

 and defeated the patriots ; yet he suffered so great a 

 loss himself and was so far from his base, that he 

 began to retreat on the 18th, and bore away towards 

 Wilmington, N. C.. leaving Lord Rawdon to command 

 what he left behind in South Carolina, a field-force of 

 about 1200. Taking advantage of the division of 

 forces. Gen. Greene pushed off in the direction of 

 Camden, S. C. On April 25 another battle^ almost 



j a surprise to Greene, occurred at Ilobkirk Hill. It 

 was only a partial engagement, al the end of which 

 I Greene was compelled to retreat. There was but one 

 more important engagement in South Carolina, and 

 ; that was the well-known battle of Eutaw Springs, 

 where Gen. Greene brought to bear 2000 patriots 

 against 2800 British, mostly regulars, under Lieut. - 

 j Col. Stewart. This time Gen. Greene gained a signal 

 victory. His own losses were heavy, but he inflicted a 

 greater, and caused Stewart's rapid flight to Charleston. 

 Siege of Yorktown. Arnold, after his attempt to 

 betray and surrender West Point, had fled to the 

 British and been niade a brigadier-general in the 

 English army. Before his desperate raid into Con- 

 necticut he was sent in charge of a predatory expedi- 

 tion up the Peninsula as far as Richmond, Va. An- 

 other British general, Phillips, was also moving to 

 subjugate the belligerent Virginians. To form junc- 

 tion with these forces and keep open their communi- 

 ons with the sea, Lord Cornwallis marched from 

 Wilmington into the lower counties of the State. 

 Washington, knowing of the troubles there, had sent 

 Gen. Lafayette with a small army to watch the raiders 

 and do all that he could to hinder them. Early in 

 j May the French minister brought the welcome infor- 

 mation that nnother French fleet, under the command 

 of the Count de Grasse, bringing reinforcements, 

 would soon arrive. A little later, Washington and 

 the Count de Rochambeau, the field commander, met 

 at Wethersfield and arranged for an allied and com- 

 bined movement against the city of New York. But 

 learning that de Grasse could not stay long, and that 

 he was going directly to the Chesapeake, AVashington 

 at once changed his plan, resolving and arranging to 

 move against Cornwallis in Virginia. 



He executed this movement with wonderfu] caution : 

 kept Sir Henry Clinton deceived as to his intentions 

 till all his divisions except Gen. Heath's, which was 

 left to threaten New York, were well across the Dela- 

 ware and the French fleet between Yorktown and the 

 sea blocking the way. Lord Cornwallis was already at 

 Yorktown with his main body, where, in view of the 

 threatening dangers, he was thoroughly fortifying 

 both banks of the York River. 



Washington speedily assembled his army at Williams- 

 burg, and on Sept. 28, 1781, marched it to Yorktown 

 and distributed his troops for a siege. The American 

 forces, resting on the river below the town, deployed 

 so as to occupy the right, the French so as to hold the 

 left, the two meeting at a central morass. On the 

 east, or Gloucester, side of the river, Sieur de Choisey, 

 with a detachment, completed the land investment. 

 Cornwallis had in the aggregate, besides his fleet, 

 7500 men. AVashington, beyond his naval help, had 

 gathered, including the French contingent, about 

 16,000. Sir Henry Clinton first endeavored to turn 

 Washington Lack by diversions. He sent Arnold, re- 

 called from Virginia, to lead a cruel expedition against 

 New London. Conn. This failing, he encouraged 

 Cornwallis with the hope of relief by raising the 

 blockade and introducing troops and supplies. But at 

 last, after a closer investment was effected and the im- 

 possibility of succor became evident, the proud Corn- 

 wallis. on Oct. 19, 1781, surrendered Yorktown and 

 his entire army to Gen. Washington, and his shipping, 

 with all the seamen, to the Count de Grasse. 



Though the British held New York and other cities 

 already in their possession till _ the establishment of 

 peace, this surrender substantially closed the war. 

 Negotiations were soon begun, a truce entered into, 

 and a preliminary treaty effected and signed the 30th 

 of November, 1782. The permanent treaty, with full 

 specifications, was completed and signed at Paris, 

 France, Sept. 3, 1783. (o. o. H.) 



REYBAUD, MARIE ROCH Louis (1799-1879), 

 French author ; was born at Marseilles, Aug. 15, 1799. 

 His father being a merchant destined him also for 

 trade, and the son made several voyages to the Indies. 



