KICKETTS-KIEL. 



383 



lenient. He simply required that Lee, with his officers 

 and men, should give their parole of honor not to 

 take up arms against the government until regularly 

 exchanged. All military material and public property 

 was to be handed over, but the officers were allowed 

 to retain their side-arms and private horses and bag- 

 gage. Officers and men were to be allowed to return 

 to their homes, and not to be disturbed by United 

 States authority so lung as they observed their paroles 

 and obeyed the laws. In addition to these written 

 terms Grant agreed, at Lee's suggestion, to allow all 

 Confederate cavalry that owned their horses to retain 

 them, saying that they would need them to till their 

 farms. 



At Lee's request the exhausted Confederates, who 

 had been living for several days on parched corn, 

 were granted rations, which were served to them out 

 of the car-loads of provisions which had been captured 

 by the cavalry. On Wednesday, the 12th, the captive 

 soldiers were marched to an appointed place near the 

 village, where they stacked their arms and gave their 

 paroles, each company or regimental commander signing 

 the parole for the men of his command. The total 

 number paroled was 2781 officers and 25,450 men, 

 making 28,231 in all. In addition there had been 

 taken prisoners, since March 29.- 19,132 Confederates, 

 besides the large number killed and wounded and all 

 those that had dropped from the ranks during Lee's 

 headlong flight, so that Lee's army at the time of the 

 general assault must have numbered considerably over 

 50.000 men. 



Thus ended the career of the Army of Northern 

 Virginia, whose members at once dispersed, the soldiers 

 hasting to their homes in all directions, while Gen. 

 Lee returned alone to Richmond, where for some 

 months he resided as a private citizen. His surrender 

 brought the war to an end in all quarters. Johnston, 

 as soon as he heard of it, at once proposed to surrender 

 to Sherman, and what troops remained in arms 

 throughout the Confederacy quickjy followed the ex- 

 ample, the last to surrender being a force under 

 Kirby Smith, in Texas, who continued to resist till 

 May 13, when their main body was surrounded and 

 forced to yield. Smith's formal surrender was made 

 on May 26, and with it ended the last show of resist- 

 ance in the great civil war, which for four years had 

 spread ruin and desolation throughout the country. 



(c. M.) 



RICKETTS, JAMES BREWERTON (1817-1887), gen 

 eral, was born in New York, June 21, 1817. He 

 graduated at West Point in 1839 and entered the artil- 

 lery service. He was engaged in frontier duty unti 

 the Mexican war, in which lie served with distinction 

 at Monterey and Buena Vista. He was again em 

 ployed on the frontiers and in 1859 had an engage 

 meirt with the Mexican bandit Cortinas. At the out- 

 break of the civil war he was placed in command of a 

 battery of rifled guns, which he used skilfully at the 

 battle of Bull Run. _ But being severely wounded, he was 

 captured and for eight months was a prisoner in Rich- 

 mond. His commission as brigadier-general was made 

 to date from the battle. He commanded a division in 

 the Third corps of Gen. Pope's army, and was wounded 

 in the second battle of Bull Run. At An tie tarn, when 

 Gen. Hooker was wounded, Ricketts succeeded to the 

 command of his corps. He was engaged in the sub- 

 sequent campaigns against Richmond and in the Shen- 

 andoah Valley, and reached the rank of major-general. 

 He was retired from active service in 1867, and served 

 in courts-martial for two years longer. He died at 

 Washington, D. C., Sept. 22, 1887. 



RIDDLE, MATTHEW BROWN, exegete, was born 

 atPittsburg, Oct. 17. 1836. He graduated at Jeffer- 

 son College. Philadelphia, Pa., in 1852, and at New 

 Brunswick Theological Seminary in 1859. After a 

 year's study in Germany, he became in 1861 chaplain 

 of a New Jersey regiment, and then held pastorates 

 of Reformed churches at Hobokcu aud Newark. After 



a second visit to Europe he was in 1871 appointed 

 jrofessor of New Testament exegesis in the Hartford 

 theological Seminary, and in 1887 was called thence to 

 he Western Presbyterian Theological Seminary at 

 Allegheny, Pa. Dr. Riddle was a member of the 

 American Committee on the revision of the New Tes- 

 ament, translated and edited four Pauline Epistles in 

 )r. Schaff's edition of Lange's Commentary (1869), 

 nd contributed to Dr. Schaff's later commentaries, 

 rle also revised Dr. Edward Robinson's Harmony of 

 the Gospels, Greek (1885) and English (1886). To the 

 American edition of the Ante-Nicene Fathers he edited 

 Teaching of the Twelve Apostles and Second Clem- 

 ent, and contributed to the Nicene Fathers. He has 

 ilso prepared and edited other works relating to the 

 Sew Testament, and has contributed to this work 



several articles on New Testament topics. 



RIDGWAY, ROBERT, ornithologist, was born at 

 Mt. Carmel, 111., July 2, 1850. At an early age he 

 showed fondness for natural history and a correspond- 

 ence with Spencer P. Baird (q.v.) in '1864 led to his 

 appointment a few years later as naturalist in Clarence 

 King's U. S. geological survey of the 40th parallel. 

 In the 'Report of this exploration he edited the depart- 

 ment of ornithology. He was afterwards connected 

 with other government surveys, and in 1879 was ap- 

 pointed curator of the department of birds in the U. 



5. National Museum. He has published over 200 

 papers on ornithologs 7 , including several catalogues. 

 He was associated with S. F. Baird and T. M. Brewer 

 in preparing a History of North American Birds (3 

 vols., 1874), and has since published Water Birds of 

 North America (1884), Nomenclature of Colors for 

 iftitni-itltsts (1886), and Manual of North American 

 Birds (1887V 



RIEDESEL, FRIEDRICH ADOLPH, BARON VON 

 (1738-1800), Hessian general, was born at Lauterbach, 

 Hesse, June 3, 1738. He studied at Marburg Uni- 

 versity, and entering the army was employed by the 

 British in the Seven Years' War. Having risen to the 

 rank of major-general in 1776, he was sent to America 

 in command of a division of Brunswick troops, hired 

 to Great Britain. His wife, daughter of the Prussian 

 minister Massow, accompanied him. After a year spent 

 in Canada, Riedesel was called to take part in Bur- 

 goyne's expedition. He fought at Ticonderoga, Still- 

 water, and Saratoga, and surrendered with Burgoyne 

 Oct. 17, 1777. With his wife he was taken to Albany, 

 where Gen. Philip Schuyler handsomely entertained 

 them until they were ordered to Cambridge, Mass. 

 He remained a prisoner until November, 1 780, having 

 spent some time in Virginia. He next had command 

 of Long Island, but in 1781 went to Canada and two 

 years later returned to Germany. In 1787 he became 

 lieutenant-general and had command of the Brunswick 

 troops in Holland until 1794, when he was placed in 

 charge of the citv of Brunswick, where he died Jan. 



6, 1800. Both Baron Riedesel and his wife wrote 

 interesting Letters and Journals of their residence in 

 America, which give valuable side-light on the war of 

 the Revolution. They were translated and edited by 

 W. L. Stone (Albany, 1867 and 1868). 



RIEL, Louis (1844-1885). Canadian rebel, was born 

 at St. Boniface, Manitoba, Oct. 23, 1844. His father 

 was a leader of an Indian revolt against the rule of the 

 Hudson Bay Company in 1849. The son was educated 

 in the Jesuit College at Montreal, and in 1869 was 

 made secretary of a committee of the Metis, or half- 

 breeds, of the North-west Territory, to demand from 

 the Dominion of Canada part of the sum paid to the 

 Hudson Bay Company for its lands. When this was 

 refused, he was made president of a provisional govern- 

 ment at Fort Garry. On the approach of Sir Garnet 

 Wolseley's expedition, early in 1870, Riel fled from 

 the country but afterwards returned and was not 

 molested. In 1873 he was elected to the Dominion 

 Parliament, but was not permitted to take his seat, 

 and after a second election he was expelled. In Feb- 



