RISTORI RITTKR. 



ist ration was marked bv an endeavor to extend the 



rights of the natives and to limit the privilege* of Eu- 



When he departed from India the Hindoo 



population of Bengal and Bombay te-titicd their regard 



rdinary manifestations. In ]>v"i. when Mr. 



Gladstone returned to power for a short time, \*ml 



Ripon was made first lord of the admiralty. In lii 



he was chosen president of Yorkshire College, Leeds. 



i'tiltl. AtiKi.AiUK. jtalian tragic actress, was 

 born at Cividale. in Friuli, in 1S2I. Her parents 

 were actors and brought her on the stage when only 

 four years old. Afterwards she was attached to a dra- 

 matic company at Turin and received instruction from 

 Marchioui. At the :ii:e of fourteen she was allowed to 

 act the part of Francesca da Rimini in Pcllieo's drama. 

 In IS II she removed to Parma, playing chiefly in 

 comedy. In 184'., when she was married to the Mar- 1 

 quis Guliano del Grillo. she retired from the stage at 

 the request of his family. But in 1849 she was in- 

 to a jipear at Rome for the benefit of one of her 

 former managers and created such a sensation that her 

 relatives allowed her to follow her inclination. She 

 now devoted herself to tragedy, and easily attained the 

 foremost rank on the Italian stage. Her career was | 

 interrupted by the siege of Rome, and for a time she 

 was busily employed as nurse in the hospitals. In 1855 

 she was called to Paris, where Rachel was at the zenith 

 of her fame. Although the French actress bitterly re- 

 sented the intrusion of the Italian. Kistori's splendid 

 genius soon disarmed the national prejudice, and turned 

 the current of popularity in her tavor. For five years 

 sheappeared regularly lor a season in the French capi- 



tal. Ijeirouve s M.//,.I. written lor Rachel, hut re- 

 fused by her, was translated into Italian for Ivisiori. 

 and gave her a new triumph. She extended her 

 tours to England. Germany, and Spain with equal suc- 

 cess. She iiassed even to St. Petersburg. Alexandria. 

 Athens, ana Constantinople, winnim: fresh applause. 

 In lst'-'i she crossed the Atlantic and reaped a rich 

 harvest in the United States. She then visited 

 Smith America. She played only in Italian, her chief 

 characters being Medea. Mary Stuart. Uueen Eliza- 

 beth. Fraii'-esca da Kimini. Lady Maclteth. Adrienue 



uvrcur. In Is7;. after an extended and success-] 

 ful tour in the European capitals, she bade farewell to 

 the English stage, but she visited the United Slates 



i in IT."I. Later she took up the study of the 



!ish laiiL'iiage. and in I sSL'she appeared in London, 

 and afterwards visited the I'nited States again, acting 

 Lady Madieth and Queen Elizabeth in English. She 

 is accomplished a.s an artist, and has the gift of Ix-auty. 

 Her moral character is above reproach, and she is an 



iient mother. 



K ITCH IK. ANNA CORA Mow ATT (1819-1870), 

 actress, daughter of Samuel <i. Ogden, a New York 

 merchant, was born at Bordeaux. France, and spent 

 her childhood in that vicinity. Soon after her removal | 

 to New York she made a runaway match with James 

 Mowatt. a lawyer. Still a child in years, she was par- 

 doned by her parents, and varied the instruction re- 

 ceived from her husband with private theatricals and 

 the composition of an epic poem which was published 

 under the title l'lni/i>. Then her husband lost his 

 fortune in speculation and Mrs Mowatl began to give 

 public' readiii'.-s. thoiiL-h her friends strongly disap 

 proved. Her husband Int-aine a publisher and failed 

 airain. Determining to try her fortune as an actress, I 

 .-he made her first ap; Pauline, in Tin l.otlii 



n*. in June, l v !">. She also appeared in her 

 pwn^ plays. Fiuhii'ii and Arnniinl, and achieved success 

 in England as well as America. After the death of 

 her husband, in 1851. she returned tothel'nited Slate*. 

 but continued her professional work until IS.">4. when 

 Bhe vv.is married to William I 1 '. Ritchie. Her Ant-iln' 

 Offrafttjf of nil Artrrxx (I.Wi) is a L'raccful narrative of 

 her experience. In lsr,o she went to Kurope. residing 

 at first on the continent, and afterwards near 1/mdon. 

 where she died July 28, 1*70. Among her later 



writings were some novels, 7W/i Rote* (1857) and 

 Ill/linn l.ifi inn/ I.n/riul.i (Is7ci). 



RITCHIE, THOMAS (i journalist, was 



iHirn at TappahitiiiiiM-k, Va.. Nov. 5, I77S. pcprived 

 of his father at an early age. he received an ae.nleinieal 

 fduealion. studied medicine, and taught school, but in 

 ISd4 found his proper element in editing the IHclini'mil 

 Kminirrr. During the forty years of his connection 

 with it as editor and proprietor, it wielded great influ- 

 ence in the Pemoeratie tiarty. In Isl.'i Itit.-hie was 

 called to Washington by Pres. Polk to edit the 1'ninn, 

 as the organ of the administration, lie then trans- 

 ferred the J-Juiji/ii-rr to his i sons. Thomas and William. 

 In Ist'.i he returned to Richmond, and died there .Inly 

 12, 1854. His son Thomas had died some weeks ear- 

 lier, but William lived to fight in the Confederate 

 army. 



RITSCIIL. Ai.niu:niT. German theologian, was born 

 at Berlin. March _'.">. IS>. He was educated at the 

 Universities of Bonn and Halle, and taught theology at 

 the former from !S4ii until lsr>4. when he was called 

 to (Jottiugen. where he still remains. In his early 

 works he belonged to the Tubingen school, but he 

 afterwards took his position on the doctrines of the 

 Lutheran Reformation. His characteristic work is 

 I Hi ChrMidie Lilin run tier Rrcfitftirtif/iiiifj inn! Ver- 

 siiliniinrf (:i vols.. 187O-74). translated as A Cnliml 

 llistnrii i >f I/if CliristtriH Ibx-tr'nif </ ./nxtifirntinn nntl 



ReeoncStatfon. Oilier works are uie Chrutttdte 1 '-//- 



l;nni mi ii lit it (1874) ; Untrrrirlit in <li-r ( ' lirfxtHrlim /,'/ 

 NjpA>n(1876)i L'eltrr dns (rfirixsen (Is7l>); 7'/c 

 inn! Mi'tnjiln/xik (1881); Gtschidite Jeg 1'irtisnuis (3 

 vols , I88O-8Q. 



RITTER, FREDKRIC I^ouis, musician, was bom in 

 Slra-- burg, Alsace, in 1S34. He began the study of 

 music under Hauser and Hans M. Schletterer, later 

 had some instruction from Georges Kastner in Paris, 

 and continued his studies in Germany. In 1S52 he 

 received the appointment of professor of music in the 

 Protestant seminary of Fcne'strange, Lorraine, and 

 later conducted a series of concerts at Bordeaux. 

 About 185fi became to the United States, settling at 

 first in Cincinnati, where he advanced the cause of 

 music in many ways. The Cecilia and Philharmonic 

 societies were organized by him. and many works pro- 

 duced for the first time in America, In 18fil he re- 

 moved to New York, and in 18fi7 was appointed pro- 

 fessor of music at Vassar College, which position he 

 still (1888) holds. His compositions include a number 

 of instrumental works, many of which have been per- 

 formed in New York, Boston, and other cities, by the 

 principal orchestras and organizations for chamber- 

 music, some sac-red music, and a large number of <!er- 

 man songs. He has gained distinction as a writer on 

 mu-ical topics, and is the author of A Ilistnry nf Mti 

 sir in I/if nm <>/ Lectures (Boston. Is7'*-71 : I'd ed.. 

 London. lS7d); 'Music in En;il<ii\<> ( .New York. 1883); 

 Mnxif in Annrifii (1883) ; Maintain/ Mnxir.il History, 

 trmii tin EIHK-II nf Audi lit (!rrrc>- tn tin 1',-tsrnt Tinir 



(1886); and Mnxinil fh'rtntinii (L Ion. 1SSS). He 



edited also Tin A'-,///,, ,,/' Tn>* (New York. 1883), 

 and published a /'<;<//<<;/ Mrtlimi fur the Instrnctinn 

 of Clioi'ii" I'/iisxrx. and. with Rev. J. R. Kendrick, 

 Tin }\',,,,,<,i,'* <',:'/,;,, lli/mnnl (Boston. l,s>7). The 

 of doctor of music' was conferred on him by the 

 University of New York in IS7S. IK' has contributed 

 to this work on " Music in America." 



His wife. FANNY KAYVONU RI-ITKR, has become' 

 well known through her pamphlets on musical sub- 

 jects: \\~niii'iii us a Miislrim, (New York. K s ~7); S<nnr 

 nnttHU Sntiii* (1/olidoli. IS7S) ; Tnniluiilniirf mid 

 Minnrsiii'/ii-x : Ifni/ilii't ''Sfii.ti'ii.i" (Ponghkc 

 1S81) ; and tfadriffak (1882). She has aUo written a 

 volume of poems. Snuff* iiinl Hitllmls (New York, 

 l.sss). and has translated I/mis Ehlert's Letter* on 

 Miisir to n Lmlji (London, 1877), and Robert Schu- 

 mann's Mimic and Musician* (Indon, 1877). 



(P. L. W.) 



