ROGERS-ROLLING MILLS. 



piled Lyra Britanuica, a collection of hymns, and 

 The Modern Scottith Minttrrl, edited various frag- 

 ments of early Scotch poetry, and wrote some popular 

 religious books, He claims to have HUgMtad to the 

 British government, in I SOS, tin- ii.-e nf postal cards. 



ROGKltS. HKXKY PAHWIN (isos-isoo), geologist, 

 was born at Philadelphia Aug. 1, 1SOS, being the son of 

 Dr. P. K. Rogers, who taught chemiiby and phys-ic* 

 successively in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and at William 

 and Mar}- College. Henry was made professor of nat- 

 ural philosophy at Dickinson College. Cur lisle, in 1831. 

 He <i induct i-d a faologiod survey of Now .Jersey, and 

 miblished a Rrnort and Map (ls:'.. r >-l'i). Meantime he 

 had been placed in charge of a similar survey of IVnn 

 sylvunia, on which he was engaged from 18.% till ls.",.'>. 

 DCMiei live annual Report* he prepared The Geology 

 of /'riinti/hanin (3 vols., 1858, With 5 maps), which was 

 published at the expense of the State. Having cone 

 to Edinburgh to .supervise the execution of the maps, 

 he was called to the chair of natural science in the 

 University of Glasgow, which position he held till his 

 death, May 26, 1866. He edited the Geological Atlat 

 of the United State* (Edinburgh, ISO I). 



His brother, WILLIAM H A KTON ROOF.RS ( 1805-1 882). 

 began to lecture on chemistry in ] 827 and succeeded 

 his father in his professorship in William and Mary 

 College in 1829. He was made professor in the Uni- 

 versity of Virginia in 1X35, and commenced a geological 

 survey of that State which was discontinued in I Mi'. 

 In 1853 he removed to Boston, where in 1864 he or- 

 ganized t he Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and 

 held the presidency of this institution ten years. He 

 had in 1840 been active in forming the Association of 

 American Geologists, from which eventually grew the 

 American Association for the Advancement of Science. 

 The latter body chose him to be ; its prc.sidc.nt in 1876, 

 when distinguished scientistsofEuropewere expected to 

 attend its sessions. He died at Boston, May 30, 1882. 

 He contributed many important papers to the scientific 

 bodies of which he was a member. 



Two other brothers, JAMES BI.YTIIF. ROGERS (1803- 

 1852) and ROBERT EMPIE ROGERS (1814-1884), were 

 eminent professors of chemistry, and were sut-cessively 

 connected with the University of Pennsylvania, 



ROGERS, JOHN (1506-1665), an English martyr, 

 was born at Deritcnd, near Birmingham, in 1505. 

 Having graduated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 

 1525, he became rector of a church in London. In 

 1534 he was made chaplain of the Merchant Adven- 

 turers at Antwerp. He had already embraced the doc- 

 trines of the Reformation and was intimate with 

 Tyndale and Coverdale. He edited from Tyndale's 

 manuscripts a revised English version of the Bible, 

 which was issued in 1537 under the name of Thomas 

 Matthew. Returning to England in l. r >4o he was again 

 rector in London, and Bishop Ridley made him pre- 

 bendary of St. Paul's in 1551. His sermon at St. 

 Paul's Cross after the accession of Queen Mary caused 

 him to be summoned before the Privy Council. He 

 was then imprisoned in his own house and afterwards 

 t Newgate. He was tried lor heresy, condemned to 

 death, and Limit at Sniithfield, Feb. 4, 1555. The 

 rude wood-cuts of Fox's Hook of Martyrt and the New 

 England Primer have perpetuated the scene. J. L. 

 Chester (a. v.) prepared a careful biography of Rogers 

 (1861), which disproves the claim of certain New Eng- 

 land families to be descended from the martyr. 



ROGERS, JOHN, statuary, was born at Salem, 

 Mass., Oct. 30, 1829. After so_mc youthful experience 

 of mercantile life, he studied civil engineering and af- 

 terwards became a practical machinist, and had charge 

 of a railroad repair shop at HanniLal. Mo. But his 

 desire to study art led him to Paris in lK. r i7, and after- 

 wards at Chicago he modelled clay groups called The 

 Checker-Players and The Slave-Auction, which at- 

 tracted considerable attention. HvfiunOM series of 

 war groups, beginning in 1861 with The Picket .-Guard, 

 luadc his name a household word. This series included 



Taking the Oath. The Home Guard. One More Shot, 

 Union Refugee*", Tlie Camp Fin 1 , The Kcturncd Vol- 

 unteer. IScforc the close of the war he had gr.-atly 

 improved the mechanical execution of his works. 

 Then other phases of American life Inyan to furnish 

 subjects. Anionv the most popular have Leen I'ncle 

 Ned's School. The Country IV-t ( Illice. The Town 

 Pump, The Visit to the Parson. The Doctor's Visit, 

 School Examination. The Favorite Scholar, and Hip 

 Van Winkle. His groups are graceful and lifelike, 

 sometimes pathetic and often humorous. They num- 

 ber altogether 04. Rogers has also executed statuary 

 for lawns and gardens. 



!{()(! KRS, RAXIIOI.IMI. sculptor, Wn in Waterloo, 

 near Auburn, N. V., July 0. ]sii', did not begin the 

 study of art until twenty-three years of age. lie studied 

 under lyorenzo Jtartolini, in Koine, from 1848 to 1850, 

 then for five years he had a studio in New York, after 

 which he returned to Itfllyin 1855. His works include 

 the ideal busts, Ruth (1 85 1) and Isaac (1865) ; Nydia 

 (1856); Boy Skating (1857); Angel of the Resurrec- 

 tion (J861-2), which Is on the monument to Col. Sam- 

 uel Colt, in Hartford, Conn.; ]/ist Pleiad (1875); 

 Genius of Connecticut (1877). on the State capitol at 

 Hartford; memorial monuments for Cincinnati (1863- 

 64), Providence (1 871). Detroit (1872), and Woi 

 Mass. (1874), an equestrian, group of Indians (1>>I), 

 and portrait statues of John Adams (1S57). placed in 

 Mt. Auburn cemetery. Abraham Lincoln (1*71), in 

 Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, and William II. Scw- 

 ard (1876). at Broadway and Fifth avenue. New Yoik. 

 The bas-reliefs on the bronze doors of the capitol at 

 Washington, one of his best known \votks, representing 

 scenes from the life of Columbus, wire designed in 

 Is.'.s 1 . He also completed the Washington Monument 

 at Richmond, which Thomas Crawford had left unfin- 

 ished. Crawford had made no designs for the statues 

 of Mason, Marshall, and Nelson, and these, as well as 

 some allegorical figures, were added by Ro: 



(r. i. w.) 



ROIILFS, FRIEDRICII GERIIARII, a German ex- 

 plorer, was born at Ve.i. r esack. April 14, 1831. After 

 studying _ medicine he went to Algeria in 1855 as a 

 surgeon in the French army. In I860 he passed to 

 Morocco, and in the disguise of a Mohammedan was 

 the first European to enter the Oasis Talilct. On his 

 return journey he was severely wounded. In 1 - 

 crossed the Atlas Mountains, visited the Oasis Tuat, 

 and returned by the way of Rhadames and Tripoli. 

 In a third expedition in 18G6 he reached Luke Tchad 

 and crossed through Soudan to the Niger and the 

 Guinea coast. In_lS67 he joined the English expedi- 

 tion into Abyssinia, and in the following year nt 

 Nachligal (q. v.) with the king of Prussia's presents to 

 the sultan of Borneo, while he himself explored Cy- 

 renaica and went thence to Egypt. In 1873, under 

 the patronage of the Khedive, he led an expedition 

 through the Libyan desert. A visit to the United 

 States in 1875 gave him an agreeable relief from tin so 

 African journeys, but in 1>7S he resumed his explora- 

 tions of the Sahara and in 1880 delivered to King 

 John of Abyssinia a letter from the German emperor. 

 In 1884 he was made German consul-general at Zan- 

 zibar, but did not long retain the post. Since 1870 

 Rohlfs' residence has been at Wciuiar. whm he hns 

 not been engaged on foreign travel. His publications 

 comprise narratives of his various expeditions and 

 essays on the exploration of Africa and development 

 of its resources. The most important are tyiier dnrch 

 I Afrikii (2 vols. , ]S7f>); l'iit<l-<-L-inii/ mill Krfiirscfamy 

 \Afrika* (1876-81); Mcine Mution. nach Abestinien 



l;<M,I.TN<; MILLS. For the general history of 

 the manufacture of iron in the United States see IRON, 

 of which the present article is a continuation. 



The approved American practice in rolling iron is to 

 use "three high" trains so that the hot iron passes 

 through between the lower and the middle rolls in one 



