ROMANS. 



401 



turtes by Franciscan and other priests, and in California 

 was a series of missions founded by Father Juniper 

 Serra and other Franciscans ; while Arizona had 

 missions founded by F. Eusebius Kiihn, S. J. Texas 

 was made a prefecture apostolic in 1840, and a see 

 erected at Galveston in 1847; a bishop had been ap- 

 pointed for California in 1840, and one was established 

 at Monterey in 1850, and a vicar apostolic at Santa Fe, 

 New Mexico, in the same year. In these parts the 

 church had labored to revive religion in the Spanish 

 and Indian elements, and to meet the wants of the 

 new body of Catholics from the older States and 

 Europe. In the older parts the growth of the Catholic 

 Church continued, and to meet it Oregon City was made 

 an archbishop's see in 1846, St. Louis in 1847, New 

 Orleans in 1850, and San Francisco in 1853; and 

 bishops' sees were erected in 1 847 at Albany, Buffalo, 

 Cleveland, and in 1850 at Nesqually, St. Paul, Sa- 

 vannah, and Wheeling. The great province of Balti- 

 more, which from 1808 included all east of the 

 Mississippi, was divided in 1850 by the erection of 

 archbishoprics at New York and Cincinnati ; New 

 York, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Oregon City, and San 

 Francisco thus became centres, ana each archbishop 

 with his suffragan held provincial councils, and stimu- 

 lated the erection of churches and institutions, the 

 c.-ialilishment of discipline, the care of the religious 

 education of the young. 



To secure uniformity on several points of ecclesiasti- 

 cal discipline a plenary council of all the archbishops 

 and bishops of the United States was held at Balti- 

 more in May, 1852, and has been followed by two 

 others in 1866 and 1884. Sees were erected at Brooklyn, 

 Burlington, Covington, Erie, Natchitoches. Newark in 

 1853 ; ^Portland in 1855; Fort Wayne and Sault Ste. 

 Marie in 1857. Progress had been steady although a 

 political party was formed about 1853, a priest tarred 

 and feathered in Maine, and churches destroyed in 

 some parts of the country. In 1861 when the civil 

 war broke out the Catholic Church in the United 

 States comprised 7 provinces, 45 bishops, 23)7 priests, 

 2517 churches, 49 theological seminaries, 300 colleges 

 and female academies, 660 parochial schools, 230 

 charitable institutions. The war checked immigration 

 and crippled greatly the feeble churches and institu- 

 tions in the Southern States. In 1888 the Catholic 

 Church in the United States numbered 11 archbishops, 

 one of them a cardinal, 68 bishops, 7596 priests, 6829 

 churches, 91 colleges, 588 academies, 2606 parochial 

 schools, with 51 1,063 pupils, 472 charitable institutions, 

 and with a population of nearly 10,000,000. 



In promoting and conducting this remarkable progress 

 of the church the eminent men have been Archbishops 

 Carroll, Kenrick, and Spalding, of Baltimore, Cardinals 

 McCloskey and Gibbons, Bishops England and Lynch, 

 of Charleston; Hughes, of New York ; llenni, of Mil- 

 waukee ; Cheverus and Fenwick, of Boston; Flaget, 

 of Louisville ; Du Bourg, of New Orleans ; Neumann, 

 the holy bishop of Philadelphia ; O'Connor, of Pitts- 

 burg | Ireland, of St. Paul ; Archabbot Wimnier, 

 who introduced the Benedictines into the country ; 

 Very Rev. Edward Sorin, founder of Notre Dame, 

 Ind. ; Prince Demetrius Galitzin, Rev. Charles Ner- 

 inckx, Kentucky; Kev. Peter J. De Smet, S. J., and 

 Bishop Baraga, in Indian Missions ; Mgr. Corcoran 

 and Rev. I. T. Hecker, Father Miiller, C. 8. R.; Kev. 

 Charles I. White. Rev. F. X. Wcningcr, Rev. C. C. 

 Pise ; Dr. 0. A. Brownson, eminent in philosophy ; J. 

 A. McMaster, editor. Among women Mrs. Seton, 

 foundress of the Sisters of Charity ; Teresa Lalor, 

 of the Visitation Nuns ; Mine. Galitzin, of the Ladies 

 of the Sacred Heart. 



At the present time few countries have so many rc- 

 ligious orders as the United States, where there are 

 Benedictines, Cistercians of La Trappe, Franciscans, 

 Dominicans, Angustinians, Carmelites, Jesuits, Re- 

 demptorists, Passionists, Sulpitians, Sanguinarians, 

 Oblatcs, Priest* of the Holy Cross, of the Resurrec- 



tion, of Mercj', Capuchins, Lazarists, Fathers of the 

 Holy Ghost and of St. Viateur, Paulists, Servites ; 

 Nuns of the Benedictine, Carmelite, Franciscan, 

 Dominican, Ursuline Orders, Sisters of Charity, 

 Mercy, the Good Shepherd, the Holy Cross. St. 

 Joseph, Christian Charity, Felician Sisters, Sisters 

 of Providence and of Loretto, School Sisters of Notre 

 Dame, Bon Secours Sisters, Sisters of St. Agnes 

 St. Anne, St. Clare, of the Holy Child, of the Holy 

 Name of Jesus and Mary, of the Immaculate Heart, 

 Incarnate Word, Presentation, Alexian Brothers, 

 Brothers of the Christian Schools. Brothers of Mary, 

 Franciscan Brothers, Brothers of the Holy Cross, 

 Xaverian Brothers, Brothers of Charity, Brothers of 

 Good Works. The communities of Sisters and Broth- 

 ers are engaged in teaching, or the direction of hos- 

 pitals, asylums, and other charities. 



The latest step has been the foundation at Washing- 

 ton, D. C.. of a great Catholic University, of which 

 Rt. Kev. John J. Keane, D. D. , Bishop of Richmond, 

 has been appointed rector. The leading periodicals of 

 the church are the American Catholic Quarterly, the 

 Cutlinlic World (monthly), Ave Maria, Alessent/er of 

 the Snored Heart, the Freeman'* Journal, Catholic 

 Uiiirrrse, Warheits Freiinil, Pmpngatettr Ca/holigtie, 

 Revixta Catolica, Catholic Standard, Catholic Re- 

 view, (j. a. s.) 



ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE. The article in the 

 ,, . _ ENCTCLOPJKOA BRITANNICA on the 

 ^727 in 746 Epistle to the Romans presents few 

 Am. Ke )'. points open to censure, though opinions 

 necessanlv differ in regard to some of 

 the positions taken. The present article proposes 

 to treat of the two earlier groups of Pauline epistles, 

 indicating some of the questions which arise in discuss- 

 ing them, whether from the historical or exegetical 

 point of view. 



The general view taken of the epistles, the order of 

 writing, purpose, etc., may be found in the article 

 PAUL. 



I. The earlier group of Epistles. The first written 

 were 1 and 2 Thessalonians. These stand by them- 

 selves in some respects, while the four other epistles, 

 written during the third missionary journey, are closely 

 related to each other. The genuineness of 1 Thessa- 

 lonians is accepted in the BRITANNICA, but doubts are 

 cast upon 2 Thessalonians. These doubts arise en- 

 tirely Iroin exceptions taken to the contents of the 

 epistles, especially the admonition against the expecta- 

 tion of the speedy coming of the day of our Lord (2 

 Thess. ii. 1-3, etc.). But the second epistle seems a 

 very natural sequel to the first, and the external testi- 

 mony supporting its genuineness is conclusive to those 

 who duly weigh such evidence. 



The four otlier epistles, written within one year (A. 

 D. 57-58). are Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Ro- 

 mans. They are frequently spoken of as the "un- 

 doubted" Pauline epistles, since the genuineness of 

 all is undisputed. 



The Epistle to the Galatians. There is a difference 

 of opinion as to the chronological position of Galatians ; 

 some place it before 1 Corinthians, regarding Ephesus 

 as the place of writing : others think it was written at 

 Corinth, shortly before Romans (Conybeare, Light- 

 foot, and others). In favor of Ephesus we may urge 

 the nearness to Galatia. the strong emotion showing 

 that the news of the defection had come to the apostle 

 quite recently. In favor of Corinth it is urged that 

 the epistle resembles 2 Corinthians in tone and Ro- 

 mans in thought, and that the later date accords better 

 with the history of Paul's conflicts. But the differ- 

 ence between the tone of Galatians and that of Romans, 

 in spite of the similarity of thought, seems to indicate 

 a longer interval between the two. We therefore pre- 

 fer the earlier date, at Ephesus, which is usually ac- 

 cepted by German and American scholars. 



The contents of the Epistle to the Galatians are 

 readily analysed. Chaps, i., ii., the apostle's defence 



