ROSCHER ROSEBERY. 



405 



voice was a soprano, with a compass of two and a half 

 octaves. 



ROSCHER, WILHEI.M, German political economist, 

 was born at Hanover, Oct. 21, 1817. His university 

 training; was received at Gottingen and Berlin, and 

 after habitating himself at the former he was in ] 843 

 made professor extraordinary, and in 1844 professor 

 ordinary there. In 1848 he was called to Leipsic, and 

 has there continued to lecture. _ He was the originator 

 and leading advocate of the historical method of na- 

 tional economy, which has steadily gained on the 

 "philosophical" or a priori method long in vpgue. 

 This system is well described under POLITICAL ECON- 

 OMY in the ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, and its 

 method is indeed the basis of that article. Economics 

 are by it regarded as but one department of the larger 

 science of sociology, but in vital connection with the 

 other departments. The state and its industrial, com- 

 mercial, and political development are hut one side of 

 the life of the people, while the other includes their 

 art, literature, anil other products of their civilization, 

 and the study of the whole is essential to scientific in- 

 vestigation of any part. On entering his professorship 

 in 1843 Roscher issued an outline ot his views, which 

 he afterwards developed in numerous publications of 

 various kinds. These include Umriue zur tfatttrlehre 

 der Staatuformen (1847); Gescliictite der eiir/liisclien 

 VolltxirirllifrhiiftMire im 16. imd 17. Jahrhmidert 

 (1851) ; Kolonirn, KdlnninljxiUtik mid Attmcaiidertnig, 

 of which 



several editions have appeared ; 

 der Vnl/.-xirii-tlixclinft mix <lnn ffactnchtUfJtm Stfind- 

 ]niul-te (1855) ; Die deiittche N(itir>nnli,k'in<mik an der 

 GreiizscJieide de* 16. viid 17. Jn/ir/iiiiiilertu (1862). 

 His most important work, however, is his S'/xtem der 

 ]'i>l/.-xii-irt/ixrlnift, which began to appear in 1854, atxl 

 was completed by the third volume in 1881, while in 

 the meantime, several editions of the earlier volumes 

 had been issued, and the author had supplemented it 

 with his Gesclilchte der KatSttMUIeaumilt in Deutsdt- 



. SIR HENRY ENFIELP, English chemist, 

 grandson of the historian William Roscoc, was born in 

 J/mdon, Jan. 7, 1833. From an early age he evinced 

 an inclination for the physical sciences. When he 

 graduated at the University College, London, in 1852, 

 he took the prize in chemistry and became assistant to 

 1'nif. WiUiiiiiiPon. In 1854 he went to Heidelberg 

 :ind studied with the famous chemist, R. W. Bunsen. 

 His most important research at this time was his 

 measurement of the chemical action of light, for which 

 he finally devised an automatic method. In is;, 7 he 

 was made professor of chemistry in Owen's College, 

 Manchester, where he succeeded in forming excellent, 

 well-equipped laboratories. In 1370 he was made 

 president of the chemical section of the British Asso- 

 ciation at its meeting in Liverpool. He has been an 

 earnest advocate of technical education, and for many 

 years delivered in Manchester a course of popular lec- 

 tures on science. In 1878 the University of Dublin 

 conferred on him the degree of LL.D. In 1880 he 

 was chosen president of the Chemical Society, London. 

 In 1881 he founded the Society of Chemical Industry. 

 In 1882 he was made president of the Literary and 

 Philosophical Society of Manchester. In 1884 he re- 

 ceived the honor of knighthood. In 1885 he was 

 elected to Parliament from South Manchester as a Lib- 

 eral. His publications include Lesson* in Elementary 

 t 'limrixtri/( I .SCO), Lectures nn tiprdnimAitali/sis ( 1 869 ; 

 4(h ed., 1,HS">). and a Chemistry I'rimcr, which has been 

 translated into many languages. His most important 

 work is the Treatise on Chemistry (4 vols. , 1877-85), 

 in which^he was assisted by Prof. Schorlemmer. 



ROSE is the common name of a genus of bushy and 

 fi V 1 XT P r ' ( 'kly shrubs, the type of the natural 

 > 850 (n S73"' cr R* aceee , which comprises many 

 Am. Hep )'. useful and ornamental plants. The cul- 

 tivated rose, of which there are very 

 numurous varieties, is the most highly esteemed of 



garden plants for beauty and fragrance. All its varie- 

 ties were formerly supposed to be derived from one 

 species, but it is now believed that they represent sev- 

 eral species. North America has many species of 

 native roses with single flowers, as is generally the 

 case with wild roses, but some of them of much 

 beauty. One of the most interesting of these is If. 

 setigera, the climbing or prairie rose. This sends up 

 shoots of 10 to 20 feet high in a single season, and 

 bears flowers of a deep rose color, and leaves with from 

 3 to 5 sharply serrated leaflets. The stems are armed 

 with stout, nearly straight, prickles. It is the only 

 American climbing rose, and is found on the borders 

 of prairies and 

 thickets from 

 Ohio to Illinois, 

 and southward 

 to the Gulf 



In cul- 



it has 



States. 



tivation 



yielded 



any 



double -flowered 

 varieties^ known 

 as Prairie roses, 

 of which may be 

 named the Queen 

 of the Prairies 

 and the Balti- 

 more Belle. 



The Swamp 

 rose (R. Caro- 

 lina) is a com 

 mon species in 

 low grounds from 

 Florida to North 

 Carolina and 

 westward. 1 1 

 grows from 4 to 

 8 feet high, the 

 stem bearing 

 stout, hooked 

 prickles. The 

 rose-colored flow- 

 ers are numer- 

 ous, borne in 

 corymbs. K. 

 lucida, the dwarf 

 wild rose, is 

 another very 

 common species, 

 it being found 

 in dry soils and Prairie Rose, 



on swamp borders from the Gulf States north- 

 ward. R. llanda, the early wild rose, extends from 

 Vermont to Pennsylvania, and westward to the 

 Rocky Mountains. Its stem is nearly unarmed, its 

 flowers of a light rose color. 7?. Icevigata, the 

 Cherokee rose, has a long, trailing, smooth stem, the 

 branches being armed with stout, curved prickles. The 

 flowers are large, solitary, and white. This species 

 is common in cultivation, and is valued as a hedge 

 plant from its quick growth, strength, durability, and 

 beauty. The Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast region 

 has six or seven species of native roses. Our natural- 

 ized roses include R. nittiginnsa, the European sweet 

 briar, a high-climbing plant, which affects road sides 

 and thickets, and R. micrantlia, the smaller-flowered 

 sweet briar, which is found in eastern New England. 

 The principal rose pests of the United States are the 

 thrips, the rose-bug, the aphis, and the red spider. 

 They may be eradicated by a strong solution of soap in 

 water of 100 temperature, applied by syringing twice 

 a week. 



ROSEBERY, ABCHIBALD PHILIP PRIMROSE, 

 EARL, a British statesman, belonging to an ancient 

 Scotch family, was born May 7, IS47. When he was 

 four years old his father died, and he succeeded to his 

 title iii 1808 on the death of his grandfather. He had 



