ROSKCRANS-ROSS. 



been educated at Eton and Christ Clmivh ( 

 Oxford, but lull witliout graduatim;. He IKK! indulged 

 in racing ami othur sports, uinl spent sumo time in 

 travelling on tin' Continent. On entering the |iolitt- 

 cal I field as a Liberal he became noted us a ftpeeker. 

 lie i.,,pk spe -ill interest in tlie educational affair* of 

 Scotland, and lie advocated a reform of the jlmisc of 

 Lords. In 1X71 he was lord rector of the University 

 of Aberdeen, in 1874 he presided at the social science 

 congress held at Glasgow, ami in I SSI) he was chosen 

 of the University of Edinburgh. In August, 

 I--*!, he was uiade undersecretary of state tor foreign 

 affair*, and he held this mv until June, 1S83. In 

 the Gladstone cabinet in ISSfi he was secretary of 

 Mate for foreign affairs. On Maivh 2i, 1S7S, he mar- 

 ried H.uin ih. onlv daughter of Baron Rothschild. 



ROSECRANS, WM.M.V.M STAKKE, general, was 

 born at Kingston. Ohio, Dec. 6. 1819. His father had 

 s Tved a* an ailintant ill the war of 1812. The son 

 graduated at West Point in 1842, and entered the en- 

 gineer corps. He was Mtutaat-piufeiui of engineer- 

 ing for some years, ami in 1847 he took charge of the 

 repairs at Fort Adam-*, near Newport, R. I. Resign- 

 ing in 1854 he became a civil engineer at Cincinnati, 

 and VM engaged in coal-mining an 1 kerosene -nianufac- 

 ture. An explosion of kerosene caused such injuries 

 that he was confined to bed tor eighteen months. In 

 April, 1801, he offered his services to Gen. McClellan 

 us volunteer-aid, but in June, just after being ap- 

 pointed chief engineer of the State of Ohio, he took 

 command of the Twenty-third Ohio volunteers. He 

 led a brigade into West Virginia, and fought at Rich 

 Mountain. July 1 1. His commission as brigadier-gen- 

 eral, U. S. army, was made to date from May 16. He 

 h 1 1 eiimmaiid of the department of Ohio until Scp- 

 tember. when, by a new arrangement, his command 

 was called the department of West Virginia. In April, 

 lie joined (.Sen. BueH's army, and at the siege 

 of Corinth he commanded a division. After the cap- 

 ture of Corinth he had command of the Army of the 

 Mississippi, and defeated Gen. Sterling Price at luka, 

 Sept 19. bullet him escape. Price united with Van 

 Durn, but Jt >-C,T.UIS successfully defended Corinth 

 ug liust their joint attack. (See COIUNTII.) 



In October, isr>2, the command of the Army of the 

 Cumberland, then gathered around Muri'reesboro, 

 Teim., was assigned to Rosecrans. On Dec. 31, 1862, 

 up at Stone River was attacked by Gen. Bragg 

 us a preliminary to an invasion of Kcntmky. For a 

 liuie the attacking force gained great advantages, but 

 '> great personal exertions rallied his shat- 

 t'-ivi troops, and finally on Jan. 2. ISillJ, repulsed the 

 ( 'o:ife lerates, who had welkiigh achieved a victory the 

 day before. (See STONK RIVER.) In the spring fol- 

 lowing Rosecrans was slow to take the field against 

 who was then at Shelbyville. Precious tiimi 

 i in making preparations, far beyond what the 

 .n required, against dangers in front and rear. 

 But the real danger that the Confederate force then 

 e ii|>loyed in watching and resisting Grant's operations 

 a M nst Vicksburg should be released to reinforce 

 Bragg was comparatively neglected. It was not until 



the en J of Juno, after frequent orders and rei - 



s from Washington, that Rosecrans advanced 

 to Tullahoma. Bragg had retreated rapMly, and a 

 month later Rosecrans took Bridgeport on the Tennes- 

 see. The month of August was frittered away, and 

 cm Sept. 4 Rosecrans crossed the Tcmn "<. i.. engage 

 the large Confederate force, which had now been L'aih- 

 erod near Chattanooga. The operations in this vi- 

 cinity have been described under CHICKAMAUOA (q. v.). 



In consequence of this defeat Gen. R<w?crans was 

 relieved of his command by Gen. Grant, Oct. 16. In 

 January following he was placed in command of the 

 department of Missouri, during which the invasion of 

 G.-U. Sterling Price was repelled. After the close of 

 the war Rosecrans received the brevet of major-general, 

 but he resigned from the army March 28, 1807. In 



the next year he was for some months U. S. minister 

 to Mexico, and was afterwards DeBMOnttt candi' 



for governor both in California and Ohio. In 1881 

 he was elected to Congress from California, and served 

 two terms. He was made register of the U. S. treas- 

 ury in June, 1885. 



Gen. Rosecrans' campaigns in Tennessee have been 

 the subject of much military criticism, but the fair 

 ! conclusion seems to be that, though he is a strati 

 ot high order, and capable of drafting beforehand ex- 

 cellent plans of a campaign, he is deficient in the neces- 

 sary force to carry them through in spile of moral and 

 physical obstacles, and in the mental quickness to itn- 

 iirovi.-e new movements required by emergencies. In 

 his subsequent political career he took several oppor- 

 tunities to vindicate his cause witliout materially alter- 

 ing the popular judgment. His character anil carter 

 bear a marked resemblance to those of Mc< 'lellan. 



His brother, Syi.VK.smi HOUTON H<>SK< I:\NS 

 (lM'7-1878), graduated at Kenyon College in 1845, 

 and became a Roman Catholic through William's ei- 

 amplo. He graduated at St. John's College, I'onl- 

 liam. X. V.. ami received a dtKtor's degree at Rome 

 in IS') I. Returning to the United States with priest's 

 orders he conducted a college at Cincinnati, aid [here 

 edited the (\ilhdic Tdegrapk. In March, IM '._'. he 

 was consecrated iinil became assistant to Bishop Pnr- 

 oell. nnd in 1805 bishop of Columbus, Ohio. There he 

 built St. Mary's cathedral, and carried ou the c 

 astieal work with great vigor. 



ROSENKRANZ, JOIIANN KARL FRIF.DKI. it 

 (1805-1879), a German philosopher, was born at 

 Magdeburg. April 23, 1805. He studied at Berlin, 

 Halle, and Heidelberg, and became professor extraor- 

 dinary at Halle in 1831. Two years later he was 

 called to the University of Kbnigsberg as profe.-sor, 

 and he held this position until his death, June 14, 

 IST'.I. lie was a member of the ministerial council :it 

 Berlin in 1S48. His literary activity was very great, 

 and his field extensive. He began with a History if 

 (iii'iii'in J'ortry in the JUitMIr Ages (1830), and an 

 Enci/clopadia f Thinlogicnl Science (1831). In ex- 

 planation and support of Hegel's philosophy he 

 published many works, of which the princi- 

 pal is his Itychnlogy, or >'.///<> of the Suijf elite 

 Spirit (1S37). He also published lutlngta/iki!/* .Vw- 

 tfin (IS4'.<). which has bcui translated as PMotaptty 

 "f I'lliicntinn. Other works are I mini timl its //(>/. // 

 (I So')) ; .SV/, not of tli>' I.'ir,i,;il 1,1,,, ( 2 vols. , 1 gftC 

 Life ami \Vnrt; of Diitn ot (2 vols. . IStiti); a JJintury 

 of Kttntinn J'ltiloso^ilii/ (IMll), which was the conehnl- 

 ing volume of an edition of Kant's IIV,,/,.v ,- and a Life 

 n f Hi-gel (1844) as a similar supplement to Hegel's 

 Work*. Ili.s latest work was ffeu Stiidien (ls7T). 

 His Diary, extending from 1833 to 1846, was pub- 

 lished in U " t. 



KOSENMULLER, KRNST FRIT.DRICH KARI. 

 (I7r,s-is ;;,), (Icnnaii Biblical commentator, was born 

 at Ilissburg, near Hildburj;liauseii. Dee. 10, ITiS. 

 His father, JOIIANN GKORO KUSKNM( i.i KII (1736- 

 181")), was a noted Lutheran professor of theology, 

 and published Sc/iolin in \onmi T'*tnniiiitnm (ti vols.), 

 which jiassed through several editions. The son was 

 p]..|i--or of Oriental hingnares at Leipsic, and pub- 

 lished Srli'iliii in Vtttis TH-III nii'Htum (23 vols.. 



lie alterwards assisted in the preparation of a 

 Latin abridgment of this work (5 vols.. ls^S-3. r >). He 

 had also prepared a work on Biblical antii|iiii 

 Vols.. ls23-::n. He died at Ix-ipsic. Sent. 17. IBM. 



II'>SS, AUCXAMDBB Mll.TON, naturalist, was horn 

 at Belleville, Ontario. Canada, Dec. 13, 1832. While* 

 boy he went to New York, and was a compositor in 

 the office of the Eefnin/i I'oxt. In 1851 he oegan to 

 ctndy medicine, and obtained the degree of M. D. in 

 1855. He then took an active part in anti-slavery 

 agitation, and on the outbreak of the civil war in 1861 

 he was for a time a surgeon in the Union army. Later 

 he served at Montreal as a confidential correspondent 



