ST. PAUL SALEM. 



421 



cavalry depot at Jefferson barracks. The fire de- 

 partment consists ot' 26 steam engine companies, 4 

 chemical engine companies, and 7 hook and ladder 

 companies. These are supplemented by an under- 

 writer's salvage corps and the fire and police tele- 

 graph. The police department is controlled by the 

 mayor and 4 commissioners ; the State is divided into 

 6 districts, and the city police department is, virtu- 

 ally, a constabulary for the whole State of Missouri. 

 28 railroads centre at this point. The regular lines 

 of steamboats up the Mississippi River number 4 ; 

 to the lower Mississippi, 3 ; to the Missouri River, 2 ; 

 ami the Illinois River, 1. The number of street 

 railroads in the city is 17. There are 3 hospitals, 

 a morgue, an insane asylum, poor-house, work- 

 house, house of refuge, 10 markets, 31 asylums 

 and homes, 21 convents, 32 cemeteries, 8 boards 

 of trade and exchanges, 23 banks and banking 

 associations, 65 building associations, and 18 

 insurance companies, 2 of which are life com- 

 panies. Besides the Public Library there are 14 

 libraries. The academies and colleges number 30 ; 

 the public schools about 75, and the parochial 

 schools about 80. The number of parks has in- 

 creased to 22. The churches of the religious denom- 

 inations number as follows : Baptist, 27 ; Christian, 

 4 ; Congregational, 14 ; Episcopal, 15 ; German 

 Evangelical, 14 ; English Lutheran, 1 ; German Lu- 

 theran, 12 ; Hebrew, 8 ; Methodist Episcopal, 15 ; 

 Methodist Episcopal (South), 9 ; New Jerusalem, 

 (Sweden borgian), 3 ; Presbyterian, 26 ; Cumberland 

 Pyesbyterian, 2 ; Reformed Presbyterian, 1 ; United 

 Presl>yterian, 2 ; Roman Catholic, 47 ; Unitarian, 

 3 ; miscellaneous, 19. 



ST. PAUL, the capital of Minnesota, and county 



v 8ea '' ^ R amse y co -i ' s on t ne Missis- 



See Vol. sippi River, 2082 miles from its mouth. 



(p 197 Am II '" built on both 8ill 8 of the ri . ver ' 

 Rep.). which are connected by a fine iron 



bridge. The main part of the city is on 

 the second and third terraces from the river, but it 

 occupies also the bottom lands along the river, as 

 well as the upper plateau. The total area is nearly 

 14,000 acres. The estimated population in 1888 is 

 155,577, although as much as 185,000 is chiimed. 

 The new charter of 1888 gives the city 11 wards, and 

 allows each to elect an alderman. A board of park 

 commissioners has been created ; and a board of ed- 

 ucation, consisting of 4 memlxTS, is appointed by the 

 mayor to serve for two years. In 1887 $12,000,000 

 were invested in new buildings, and the real estate 

 sales were 875,000,000. The assessed valuation of 

 real estate is 884,000,000. The bonded debt is 

 $4,162,421. During the year 1887 there were laid 

 55 miles of wooden sidewalks, 2 miles of stone side- 

 walks, 10 miles of asphalt pavement, and 14 miles of 

 sewers. The fire department consists of 12 steam 

 engine companies, 9 chemical engine companies, and 

 6 hook and ladder companies. The number of rail- 

 roads is 12, of which the chief are the Chicago, 

 Burlington, and Northern, the Chicago, St. Paul. 

 Minneapolis, and Omaha, the Northern Pacific, the 

 St. Paul and Duluth, and the St. Paul, Minneapolis, 

 and Manitoba. The number of passenger cars trans- 

 ferred in the year is 200,000, and 20,000 passengers 

 are in transit daily. Upon the Mississippi River the 

 steamers carry 20,000 passengers, and 00,000 tons of 

 freight annually. The jobbing trade has largely in- 

 creased the sales for the vear 1888 being over 

 100,000,000. Manufactures "to the amount of $35,- 

 000,000 are produced annually, giving employment 

 to 20,000 men. Over $3,000,000 are invested in the 

 slaughtering and packing of meats. The enrollment 

 of school children is over 12,000, and the number of 

 teachers is 270 ; there are 25 public schools and 38 

 select schools and academies. The nucleus of a pub- 

 lic library has been established. The new city and 

 county building will cost $1,000,000, and the new 



opera house and hall of the Young Men's Christian 

 Association are among the prominent features of 

 the city. Many of the State institutions of Minne- 

 sota are located here. There are 12 asylums and 

 hospitals, 17 banks and institutions, 8 "boards of 

 trade, and 3 regiments of State militia have their 

 headquarters in the city. The cemeteries number 

 7. Nearly 70 newspapers and periodicals, daily, 

 weekly, monthly, and quarterly, are published in St. 

 Paul. The churches of the religious denominations 

 number as follows : Advent, 1 ; Baptist, 11 ; Breth- 

 ren, 1 ; Roman Catholic, 13 ; Christian, 1 ; Congre- 

 gational, 1 ; Episcopal, 9; Evangelical, 3 ; Hebrew, 

 3; Lutheran, 14; Methodist Episcopal, 20 ; Presby- 

 terian, 10 ; Reformed Episcopal, 1 ; New Jerusalem, 

 1 ; Swedeuborgian, 1 ; Unitarian, 1 ; United Evan- 

 gelical, 2. 



SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS, English writer, was 

 born in London in 1828, being the son of an Italian 

 gentleman. Although he studied art, he has de- 

 voted himself to journalism and magazine writing. 

 After being a contributor to Household Wortls and 

 Cornhill Magazine, he established Temple, Par in 

 1860. As the correspondent of the London Tele- 

 graph he visited the United States in 1S03, accom- 

 panied Napoleon III. to Algeria in 18l>4, reported 

 the Paris Exposition of 1867. the German invasion 

 of France in 1870, and Northern Africa in 1875. 

 He travelled in Spain in 1875, in Russia in 1876, 

 and in the United Suites in 1K80. Among his books 

 are A Journey due Nurlh >1858>, relating to Russia ; 

 Tieice Round the Ciock (1859), sketches of London 

 life ; Breakfast in Ped (1863 1 ; From Waterloo to the 

 Peninsula (1866) ; Home and Venice (1809) ; Cooktry 

 in its historical Aspects (1875) ; America lievisiled 

 (J882) ; various books of travel, and a novel or two. 



SALEM, a city of Massachusetts, county-seat of 

 Essex co., is on a peninsula in Massachusetts Bay, 

 15 miles N. of Boston, with which it is connected 

 by the Eastern Railroad. Branch railroads run to 

 Lowell, Lawrence, and other places. The harbor 

 is good, but the trade is almost exclusively coast- 

 wise, and limited to coal and ice. Among the note- 

 worthy institutions are the East India Marine Hall, 

 Salem Athenaeum, Essex Institute, and Peabody 

 Academy of Science. The city hall, the court- 

 house, and Plummer Hall are important buildings, 

 and there are many fine mansions erected in the era 

 of commercial prosperity. There are 6 national 

 banks, 2 savings banks, 2 weekly and 2 daily news- 

 papers, 20 churches, good public and private schools, 

 including a high school and a normal school. The 

 industrial works comprise cotton mills, jute fac- 

 tories, tanneries, iron foundries, and shoe factories. 

 Salem is lighted with gas, and has water-works and 

 a park. Its property is valued at $25,000,000, and 

 its debt exceeds $1,000,000. It was founded in 

 1628 by John Endicott, and in 1692 was the scene of 

 the famous Salem witchcraft. After the Revolu- 

 tionary war the enterprising merchants of Salem 

 established commercial relations with India and 

 China, and these were soon flourishing, but the war 

 of 1812 deranged them, and Salem's foreign com- 

 merce thereafter steadily declined. The city wai 

 chartered in 1836. It is closely connected with the 

 towns of Beverly and Peabody. Its population in 

 1880 was 27,563. 



SALEM, a city of New Jersey and county-seat of 

 Salem co., is on Salem Creek, 32 miles S. of Phila- 

 delphia. It is on a branch of the West Jersey 

 Railroad, by which it is 44 miles from Camden. It 

 has a court house, 3 hotels, 1 national bank, 3 weekly 

 newspapers, 8 churches, 7 schools, and a collegiate 

 i institute. Its industrial works comprise 4 glass fac- 

 j tories, 1 oil-cloth works, 4 carriage factories, 5 can- 

 neries, a foundry, flour and planing mills. It has 

 gas and water-works, and many beautiful residences. 

 It is surrounded by a rich farming country, the pro- 



