429 



SALEM -SALMON. 



duce of which is shipped here for Philadelphia. 

 with which it has communication by steamboat as 

 well as by railroad. The village was settled in IC.T.'i 

 by John Fciiuick. In lS8Uil bad MM inhabitants. 



SALEM, the capital oi Oregon and count v-s. at 

 of Marion co., is on the E. bank of the Willamette 

 River, here cros-ed by a line wagon bridge built in 

 ISMi and costing 5*.~>0,UOO. It contains the Stale 

 house, penitentiary, insane asylum, 12 churches, an 

 orphanage, and school- for the blind, deaf, and 

 dumb, which receive aid from the Slate. A good 

 system of graded schools, an academy and the 

 Willamette University, a Methodist institution, 

 make provision for education. There are 4 news- 

 papers, 3 of which issue both daily and weekly edi- 

 tions. The city has waterworks, electric lights, 

 and an efficient fire-department. Wiele streets. 

 handsome houses, and several parks give it an at- 

 tractive appearance. Two miles from the city arc 

 the State fair grounds. The adjacent country is a 

 rich agricultural section, containing many garden j 

 and berry farms. Salem in 1880 had a population 

 of 2538, but this is uow estimated to have reached 

 6000. 



SALISBURY, EDWARD ELBRIDGE, Orientalist, 

 was born iu Boston, April 0, 1814. and graduated at 

 Yale College in 1832. After taking the theological 

 course at New Haven, he went abroad and spent 

 several years in studying Eastern languages, iu 

 Paris tinder DeSacy and De-Tassy. and in Berlin 

 under B >pp. Appointed in ISil to the new chair of I 

 Arabic and San-krit at Yale, he devoted another 

 Year to study at Bonn before assuming his ollice. 

 His Inaugural Discourse was privately printed in 

 1843. He endowed the professorship of Sanskrit 

 and resigned it to W. I). Whitney in 1K.">4, but con- 

 tinued to teach Arabic till IS.'iii. His line Oriental 

 library, including part of that of DcSacy, was pre- 

 sented to Yale. He has been a meinlx'r of the 

 Asiatic Society of Paris since ISJ'.S, of the Imperial 

 Academy of Sciences and Bclles-I.cttrcs at Constan- 

 tinople since 1S.V>. and of the German Oriental So- 

 ciety since H-V.t. He has actively served the Ameri- 

 can Oriental Society as corresponding secretary and 

 editor of its Journal for some years ; he became its 

 president in 1863. He has contributed to the 

 Englinder, and privately printed a monograph on 

 the Diodati family ll87j) ; a lecture liefore the Yale 

 art school on Principles <>f l)/>nitxli<- Taste (1S77) ; and 

 three volumes of Oenefilnyiculaml Biographical Mm <>- 

 (//.</,//.-.- (l*S.~i ssi. In the latter he has IHHMI a 

 by his wife. His degree of LL.D. was conferred by- 

 Yale in ISO!) and by Harvard in 1880. 



SALISBURY, BOSKBT Aiiiiu n TALBOT GAS- 

 COIUNE CECIL, MARQUIS OF, prime minister of 

 Great Britain, was born at Hallicld, in 1*30. He 

 was educated at Kton and Christ Church, Oxford, 

 graduating in t.>3. lie was elected a fellow of All 

 Souls' College and entered Parliament in the same 

 year as meml>er for Stamford, being then known 

 as Lord Rolwrt Cecil. On the decease of his el. lei- 

 brother in 180."), he assumed the title of Viscount 

 Cranlx>rne, and in 1808 he succeeded to the mar- 

 qnisatc of Salisbury. He was an earnest defender 

 of the Established Church, and a frequent contrib- 

 utor to the (jufirterti/ lievieic and other periodicals. 

 In July, 1860, he was appointed Secretary of State 

 for India, but resigned in ihe following March, being 

 unable to accept tiie Reform Bill proposed by I. ..id 

 I>crly. He returned to the same ollice. however, 

 in Disraeli's cabinet in March, 1K74. He v\ 

 in November, 1S70. as special ambassador to Turkey 

 to arrange the difficulties respecting Ihe Christian 

 subjects of that empire. Although the ambassadors 

 of the great power* united in proposals which were 

 urged upon the Ottoman Grand Council, that body 

 almost unanimously rejected them. The ambassa- 

 dors then left Constantinople, and the Russo-Turk- 



ish war soon began. ID April, 1878, Lord Salisbury 

 ud the Earl of Derby as Secretary of State, 

 >n accompanied the Karl of Jicai onslield to 

 the Congress of Berlin in which the in vv division of 

 an's dominions was settled. The two Brit- 

 ish in-got lator- shared iu the ovations which followed 

 their return to England from their diplomatic vic- 

 tory. But they went out of ollice together in April, 

 1880, after Mr. Gladstone's Midlothian campaign. 

 In May, 1881, Lord Salisbury was chosen as leader 

 of the Conservative party in the House of Lords. 

 In 1880, when Mr. Gladstone's bill foran Irish Par- 

 liament at Dublin was rejected and his ministry 

 came to an end, the government passed into the 

 hands of the Conservatives, and Lord Salisbury 

 became premier. Although his majority in the 

 House of Commons was obtained only by the sup- 

 port of Liberal di.-sidcnts who regarded Mr. Glad- 

 stone's movement as threatening the integrity of 

 the empire, he succeeded in maintaining a lon-jer 

 lease of power than seemed possible at lirst. The 

 breach in the Liberal party has proved permanent, 

 the two branches being known as the Gladstonians 

 and tin-. Unionists. Parnell and his followers act 

 with the former, while the latter still give their sup- 

 port to the Conservatives. 



SALMON. The Siihnnniiltr, as now restricted, 

 is not a large family of fishes, cnihrai -ing 

 EtL S21 '' >s " liln 1^0 species, but in beauty, 

 (TI JB1 \m Activity, gaminess, food qualities, and to 

 Ke'p.). ' some extent iu size of individuals, cer- 

 tain members of the family stand lirst 

 among fishes. The group embraces several genera, 

 of which we are here concerned with two only, >'(- 

 mo, the salmon of the Atlantic, and OnfOrayMKft, 

 Ib- Pacific salmon. Of the genus ,S/j/,o the most 

 important species, economically considered, is A!. 

 .s/(ir, the common Atlantic salmon, which frequents 

 alike the coasts of Europe and America, and is on. -of 

 the most esteemed of all food fishes. Indiv iduals of 

 this species are commonly from Id to 12 pounds 

 weight and about 30 inches long, but often grow 

 much larger, a salmon weighing S3 pounds having 

 been brought to London in 1S21. The color of 

 adults is a steel blue above, the sides and under 

 parts being of lighter hue, the dorsp.l and caudal 

 fins dusky, the ventrals and anal white, while a few 

 rounded spots are scattered above the lateral line. 

 In rivers the color darkens, the males being known 

 as red lish, the females as black lish. 



This species spends half its life in the ocean, 

 though quite capable of remaining during all ils life 

 in fresh water, as is proved by ils existence in land- 

 locked lakes. The salmon of Lake Ontario are 

 thought never to migrate to the ocean. The land- 

 locked .salmon is known as variety tViy<>, and differs 

 somewhat from the migratory form. S. stilar 

 ascends the rivers annually to spawn. In the 

 ocean it subsists on Crustacea and their eggs, small 

 shrimps, young crabs, etc. ; in the rivers on small 

 lish. It is supposed to cat little during its river re- 

 sidence, yet bites eagerly at the bait of anglers, and 

 forms a favorite sportsman's lish. ll ascends to the 

 head waters of streams, leaping ea-cades and other 

 impediments with great energy and persistence, and 

 depositing its spawn in the sands or travels at the 

 river's head. For this purpose it digs deep furrows 

 which it covers up after the CL-JS are deposited. A 

 lish of 8 pounds is estimated to lay about 6000 

 one eif 40 pounds, 15,OtK). The salmon are 

 icon and unwhole-some alter spawning, but gene- 

 rally survive anel return te> the. ocean. The young 

 lish, whie:!i are known as parr, remain in the rivers 

 from one to two years, and weigh but a few ounces 

 when they pass exit le> sea. 



S. suhir isfeiund in all the rivers of northern Eu- 

 rope, in America from Labrador to the Delaware 

 Uiver, aud in the Great Lakes as far as Niagara. It 



