424 



SALMON* SALT. 



chatka, the last named reaching to Japan. O. nerka 



has a coiiMdcr.iblc run in tin- Columbia, and is the 

 principal spring snimcm of the Fruzer Kiver. It is 

 th- 1 most grateful in form anil handsome in color of 

 all tlio salmon, aud is nu excellent fuod li-h, its 

 flesh being similar to that of the quinnat, but less 

 linn aud more watery. 



The artificial propagation of salmon has been pro- 

 secuted actively of late years under the direction of 

 the United Statos Fish ComniK-ion, which has es- 

 tablished hatching stations at several localities. 

 Probably the most important of these is that on the 

 McCloud Uiver, California. This hatchery, estab- 

 lished in 1873, had by 1884 taken 07,000,000 eggs, 

 most of which were distributed through the Union, 

 though several millions were sent to foreign 

 countries. About l.>,000,000 were hatched at the 

 station and placed in the several rivers of that 

 region. As a probable result it is stated that the 

 Sacramento catch ba-> increased 5,000,000 Ibs. annu- 

 ally for several years past. In 1888 about 5,000,000 

 fry were hatched at this station and placed in the 

 Colorado and the shorter rivers of Oregon aud 

 California. 



At the Bucksport station, Maine, about 2,500,000 

 eggs of the Atlantic salm >n, 6'. ,<ufur, were taken in 

 1>S84, the fry being placed in the tributaries of the 

 Hudson, Delaware, etc. About 1,000,000 eggs of 

 the landlocked or Schoodic salmon (S. sakir var. 

 scbayi) were taken nnd variously distributed. Tbis 

 activity in propagation cannot f.iil to have highly 

 i:uji Ttani results, and if in common with it eflorta 

 arc miule to provide proper fish-ways in our rivers 

 nnd to prevent the inllux of sewage, there i.s no 

 reason why our salmon fisheries should not regain 

 their former value. (For a consideration of other 

 Species of genus Salmo, see article TKOUT.) 



(c. M.) 



SALMON, GEORGE, Irish clergyman and mathe- 

 matician, was born at Dublin, Sept. 25, 1819. He 

 was educated at Cork and at Trinity College, Dub- 

 lin, graduating in 1839, and being chosen a fellow 

 of the college in 1841. He had studied theology ns 

 well as mathematics and was ordained in 1844, but 

 retained his fellowship until 18oO, wln-n he was 

 made regius professor of theology in Dublin Uni- 

 versity. His niatheiiritic.al works on Conic Sei> 

 lion*, Tiie Hiijher 1'lune Cnr, Geometry of Three Di- 

 iivuiiM, and Midtrn Higher A'ljtlirn. have been 

 translated into several languages and have obtained 

 fir him the doctor's degree from both Oxford nnd 

 Cambridge, as well as other in-irks of honor from 

 scientific societies. In 1878 he presided in the 

 mathematical and physical section of the British 

 Association at its meeting in Dublin. His religious 

 works consist of three series <>( CnVetje Sermons 

 (1801, 1873, 1HSI), and an Introduction to tlte 2few 

 Testament (188')). 



SALT. This highly useful mineral substance is 

 the chloride of sodium, being com- 

 XXI 2S P oun(lc 'l " f 60 P' irts }' weight of chlo- 

 (P & Am. rine and 40 of sodium. It U exceedingly 

 JU-p.). nbunrlant in the waters of the ocean, 



wlii -li contain in every 1000 parts 33.8 

 parts of saline substances, of which 2(5.8 parts are 

 common salt. The ocean is estimated to contain in 

 nil 3,000,000 cubic miles of thissnlmtance, which has 



robably l>ecn washed from roi:k deposits during the 



>ng geological ages, its easy solubility facilitating 

 this process. In its solid state it forms colorless, 

 transparent, anhydrous crystals of the isometric 

 ysUMii and with very perfect cubical cleavage, 

 winch generally displays itself in the -.Teat in i-~- - 

 of rock salt. It occurs in the rocks most frequently 

 in the condition of brine, though great dep... 

 r'K-k salt nre known, some of winch Imve been mined 

 f-r many centuries. Tin 1 origin of rock salt is not 

 very well understood. Some beds have been pro- 



i 



duced by the dryiug up of bodies of salt wntrr rut 

 oil 'from the ocean, but in cases where the Mill lornis 

 a peqicntlicular vein its origin cannot so iasil\ ie 

 accounted for. As l>eds e>ccur, however, in tarly 

 geological slnita this died may have been due lo 

 rock-lilting forces. Lakes of brine \,t (X i>t in 

 many regions of the earth, some ot thc'm doubtless 

 due to cut-oil 'bodies ot >ea water, others I 

 springs, or the How of unelerground water ovi r de- 

 posits of rock salt, as in the case of the (in : 

 Like, Some of these lakes surpass the ocean in 

 their percentage of salt, probably through the i-ll'cct 

 of evaporation. 



The countries of Europe, with the exception of 

 Norway, Denmark, nnd Holland, are supplied with 

 salt from domestic sources, some of it being obtaint d 

 from evaporation ot sea water, while more gi neraUy 

 the supply comes from salt springs and the mining 

 of U-ds 01 rock salt, (if the latter the mine of \Vie- 

 lie-zha, nenr Cracow, Austria, is the most notable in- 

 stance. This mine is two miles long nnd one 1 road, 

 nnd 1000 feet deep. Elsewhere in 'he Eastern He ni- 

 isphere, ns in Russia, Inelia, nnd China, sail exists 

 in great abundance, tbe salt mines- of the latter 

 country being ot great depth anil \ery great niimbi r. 

 Africa also is well supplied with salt, and the same 

 is the case with South America, in whit h country 

 the salt of Patagonia is largely exported to tin re- 

 mainder of the continent, it being of uniiMial purity 

 nnd requiring ni> preparation for use. Asa rulesa.t 

 is vitiated by more or less impurity, sulphate of 

 lime, oxide eil iron, clay, and several either substan- 

 ce's mincing I he purity of rock salt, which needs 

 considerable preparation lo lit it lor table 1 use. 



Salt abounds in the Unileel Stall s, ordinarily as 

 brine, though several deposits of roe-k salt are 1 known. 

 Originally the supply of the colonies was obtained 

 by evaporating the waters of the ocean, Id in lo 

 shallow places nlong the coast and cxposcel to solar 

 heat. What is now nscel is principally obtained 

 from the' waters e>f saline springs and we'lls, evapo- 

 rated by solar heat or by beiiling. The earliest 

 worked iinel one of the most Important eif the brine 

 deposits of the Unite el State's is that eif the Onon- 

 daga district of CYnlrnl New York, extending for a 

 considerable are a around the city eif Sv r:n use. The 

 whole middle portion of the Slate, indeed, si e ins 

 underlaid by snlt in some form, the' wells being un- 

 usually rich both in the quality and quantity of 

 their brine. This district has yielded Milt ln>m an 

 early period in the history of the country, nnd is 

 Worked to-<lny <'ii an extensive scale, the salt water 

 being ]iimped from numerous wells, anel run into 

 lari:i' vats e>r shallow reservoirs, where it iscv 

 10 the evaporating action of the solar rays. There 

 are more than 40,000 of these vnts in use, 1 

 several hundred lae-tories in which tbe salt is ob- 

 tained from the brine 1 y Imiling. The finest grades 

 of New York salt are 1 e-onsiele-re el equal te> the famous 

 Ashton salt, of the mines of Cheshire, England. In 

 several places- beds of rock suit have been elisceivered 

 during tbe boring eif artesian we'lls. One' eil these', 

 femnd in 1887 near Ithaca, at a depth of 2000 fee t. is 

 2.50 feet thie-k. Such beds may be the origin of tin- 

 brine elsewhere' found. The salines of New Ye>ik 

 belong to the> State', w hie-h at one time charged a 

 e-onsielernble royalty for their n-e. At present the 

 royalty is one cent per bmhcl, which no more than 

 |Hiys the expense of pumping, which is done by th<* 

 siate. The maximum product of the Onnndnga 

 wells wa in Isil'.' '.l.n:,:!.S7 t bn.-he'ls. It has since- 

 fallen off through the effect ef severe coiupi'titiem 

 from olber States. The product in Iss7 was 

 ."i.ii;i.V7!l7 bushels. In the 1 Warsaw district there 

 were also prcxluccd in that \< nr e'l.iiT-J.fKKl bush. Is. 



'1 he' salt deposits of the'' United Stales extend 

 widely through the geological strata. Those of New 

 York arc in the Upper Silurian; most of those from 



