A30 



SAN ANTONIO SAN FRANCISCO. 



the literary impulse that led to the production of 

 tlu> luniks," himself writing some of tin- stories ami 

 narratives ; ami tlmt all the parts were written and 

 collected before tin- death <>!' Nathan, and liy tlu-He 

 three prplirl.i, <T umU-r their inlhiciicc, it is an 

 opinion that cannot Lie huecesbfully overthrown by 

 evidence. 



Decidedly in favor of this opinion is the testimony 

 of 1 Chronicles, hoth in its use of the books of Samuel, 

 1 Chrun. x.-xxi., and in its description of the 

 sources of tin- history, xxix. 2H. Note thai for the 

 , of David. Nathan is associated with Samuel 

 and G'ad. while for the history of Solomon, -J Chron. 

 ix. _".!, he is associated with two later prophets. 

 The likeness between parts of Samuel and the first 

 chapter of Kings naturally connects itself with these 

 two references to Nathan. 



The principal argument brought against this view- 

 is the alleged existence in these bonks of allusions to 

 events later than the reifin of Solomon, b;it if any 

 one will carefully examine the instances adduced, 

 he will lind them insufficient. The very strongest 

 group of these instances is made up of the places 

 where Judah is mentioned as distinct from Israel; 

 but there is not one of these places where il is neces- 

 sary to understand that the reference is to the di- 

 vided kingdom, after Ihe death of Solomon, and in 

 most of the places it would be unnatural to under- 

 stand this. The most extreme instance is in 1 Sam. 

 xxvii. 0: "/Ciklag perlaineth unto the kings of 

 Judah unto this day," and this might apply to Da- 

 vid and Solomon as well as to the later kings. They 

 held Ziklag by a peculiar title, not in virtue of their 

 being kinirs of all Israel but in virtue of their being 

 kiiiL"* of Judah. There; are few instances or none 

 where it would be necessary to resort to the hypothe- 

 sis of a gloss in order to defend the view that these 

 books were completed within Ihe lifetime of Nathan. 

 On the contrary, the absence of elements clearly 

 later than Nathan's time is sufficiently marked to 

 be a reason of positi ve weight in favor of this theory 

 of the early origin of this group of books. 



Many assertions to the contrary notwithstanding, 

 lira! accounts certainly represent the times 

 of Samuel, (iad, and Nathan to have been times of 

 literary activity and times of historical research, 

 that is to say times in which such a work as this 

 might verv naturally be produced ; 1 Sam. x. ^~> ; 

 xxi. 13 ; ii. 1-10 ; '2 Sam. xi. 14. l~> ; xxii.; xxiii. 1 7 : 

 1 Chron. xxvii. 21; xxiii. 'J7 ; 2 Chron. ii. 11, etc., 

 and -' Sam. xi. '-'U. 21 : ef. Jud. ix. .V! ; 2 Sam. \ ii. 

 C, 8-11 ; viii. 10, 17 ; 1 Sam. ii. 27, 28 ; iv. 8 ; xii. 

 G-ll, and many other passages. 



Literature. For iri-nera! use, tlie best Enelliih Common, 

 tary on Samuel is perhaps that In the Cambridgt Bible for 

 ScHavlt wrii-x. That by Dr. K. I'uyne Smith, dean of Can- 

 terbury, In the r>il/:it t'oiHim-ntary, U one of the best works 

 In that ferte*. The two VI>|IIIIH-K by Dr. \V. (i. Blaiklc, In 

 tlir J:'zix>iUnr'i HibU (New York, 1888), are attracting at- 

 tention. Tin- work of Prof. AuguM. Klontcrmann on 

 Samuel and Kim.'*, In Kartn/'fiialer Konuntntar, edIU-d by 

 Strack aud Zfli'kl.-r (NBr.Minir'rn, IssT;. Is admirable. The 

 book* of Samuel are treated In the lmlii<-ti\<- HiMe studies 

 In the (Ad Ttitamfnt Student, Sept. and Oct. 1887. Certain 

 toplrs In the lioukR arc IJ.HI M>-<1 In Dr. K. S. Urern'a Jona- 

 than and Abtalom (Phlla. 1887). (w. j. 11.) 



SAN ANTONIO, tin- countv seat of Bexnr co., 

 Texas, is on the San Antonio Iliver, 21(1 miles W. 

 from HOMtoa, on the. Southern I'aciMc, and two 

 other railroads. It has a county court-house, U. S. 

 government building, opera-house, (1 hotels, : t 

 national banks, Ii other banks, 4 daily and 4 weekly 

 newspapers, a large cathedral. -JO churches, and seve- 

 ral schools. The eitv i lighted with gas. and has a 

 large park. Its property is valn-d at 116,800,000. 

 It dates from I(i7li. and when a mission was founded 

 on the oppo-ite side of the river. The chapel lifter- 

 wards became Fort Alamo, and was the scene of a 

 massacre in the Texan war of independence. (Sec 



Al.AMO.) The city retains some picturesque features 

 indicating its Spanish origin, but is rapidly assum- 

 ing a modern American appearance. The present 

 inhabitants are chielly of American, German, and 

 Spanish origin. Its population in 1880 was 20,530, 

 but it lias ureatlv increased. 



H/LNDERSON, -'OIIN (1783-1844), author, was 

 born at Carlisle, 1'a., and studied law in Phila- 

 delphia, but was chiefly engaged in teaching. He 

 warmly defended the study Of the ancient, classics. 

 Of the Lives of Ihe .S/;/n< rs j the Declaration of Jndt~ 

 (9 vols.) he wrote two volumes, the rest 

 being prepared by his brother. J. M. Sanderson. A 

 later edition, revised by Robert T. Conrad, was 

 i-Micd in isii."), and a centennial edition in 1878. 

 Sanderson in 1835 was obliged to go Europe for his 

 health, and wrote home some pleasant papers, 

 which were gathered as Skttcltc* of Paris (1838). 

 Similar sketches of England were contributed to the 

 KnickirlxK-k'i-f Mni/iiiine. After his return ho was 

 professor of Greek and Latin in the Philadelphia 

 High School till his death, April "., 1S44. 



bANDUSKY, a city and county seal of Erie co., 

 Ohio, is on the south shore of Sandusky Bay 5 miles 

 from I^tkc Erie, and ijli miles AV. of Cleveland. It 

 is in 41 27' N. lat., and s-j 4:> W. Ion-. It is the 

 Lake terminus of the lialtimore and Ohio, the In- 

 diana, Bloomington. and Western, and the Lake 

 Erie and Western liailroads. and is on the Lake 

 Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad. The har- 

 lx>r is the best on Lake Krie. and admits to wharf 

 the largest vessels used ill lake commerce. In the 

 season there are regular daily lines of steamers to 

 Detroit and other laki potts. The average entries 

 for the season, in reeent years, havjbeen coast" 

 1S(K> ; foreign, :17"> ; clearance*, coastwise. i *_':>; 

 foreign, 300 ; tonnage, ::SII.KHI. The. site of the city 

 rises gradually from the shore, giving a beautiful 

 view of the bay. It is on a limestone bed. which 

 furnishes good material for building. It has a court- 

 house, custom-house, 3 national banks. 22 churches, 

 a public library, a high school, and f> other school 

 buildings, 3 daily and i> weekly newspapers, one of 

 these being German. It has several machine shops, 

 car-works, manufactures of cutlery, hardware, 

 wheels and wood-work. In the last "it exceeds any 

 other American city. It is the largest fresh-water 

 li.-h market in the world, shipping 12,000 tons of 

 tish annually. There is also large trade in lime, lime- 

 stone, lumber, salt, coal, ice, grain, and fruits. 

 About 1,200,000 gallons of native wine are shipped 

 here annually. Erie county produces large crops 

 of wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, and fruits. There 

 are several noted summer resorts in the vicinity 

 of Sandusky, such as I'ut-in-lJay. I-akeside, and 

 Kellev's Island, and the city itself is so used. The 

 population in ISStl was 16,888. 



SAN 1 1IAN( IS( 0. the chief city of California, 

 is on Ihe end of a peninsula between the 

 v'v, ' o,..> 1'iicilU' Ocean and the Bay of San Fran- 

 (pTmAm. cis< '- ll is tlu ' *Wwport of the I'a- 

 Kq>!). ' ''''"' coast, having about r>0 steamers 

 running on regular lines to China, .lapan, 

 Honolulu, Australia, and South America. There. 

 arc also numerous steamboats using the bay and its 

 affluents. The public buildings comprise Ul 

 hall, commenced in 1S71, and costing OVCT 94,000,- 

 (KM), the 1'. S. Mint, custom-house and other gov- 

 ernment buildings, the uteri-hauls' exchange. 

 exchange, which cost $i(00,000, house of correction. 

 Masonic temple, and sever;'] theatres and opera 

 houses. Tht re are many stores and warehouses 

 solidly built, and six or more stories in height. The 

 industrial works comprise sugar refineries, \\ 

 mills, (lour mills, glass works, canneries, wire 

 works, iron-ship works, anil lar-e cslablishmcnts 

 for making heavy machinery. There are also nmn- 

 I ufactories of clothing, shirts, shoes, aud jewelry. 



