SARDOU-SARGENT. 



441 



similar order, each stretching from tlie river over 

 the hills westward. The main body of the Ameri- 

 cans was on the right under Gates ; the left was 

 under Poor ; the centre was mainly made up of 

 Learned's brigade. Morgan's riflemen and Dear- 

 born's infantry stood under Arnold on the heights, 

 nearly a mile from the river. At 10 A. si. Burgoyne 

 advanced his army in three columns, the left con- 

 sisting of artillery under Phillip*, and Germans 

 under Riedesel, the centre and right under Bur- 

 goyne himself, but covered by Fraser and Brcgnian. 

 The Canadians and Indians were sent forward to 

 occupy the Americans in front. Gates remained 

 passive till, urged liy Arnold, he gave the word for 

 the Indians to be driven back. Taking this as a 

 permission for a general charge, the Americans 

 rushed like a mountain torrent on the foe. Arnold 

 with Morgan held Fraser while he was straining to 

 reach the American rear. Here the fighting was 

 desperate, but the patriots encountering the British 

 under Burgoyne, and played on by Phillips' guns, 

 were, at 3 o'clock, forced back into their line. For 

 four hours Arnold had maintained the fight with the 

 choicest English regiments. A lull occurred during 

 which both parties drew breath. The English 

 again advanced. The Americans kept within their 

 camp till their foe was on the point of charging, 

 when, springing forth, they drove it back over the 

 intermediate clearing. Night put an end to the 

 conflict. The Americans retired to their intrcnch- 

 ments ; the British lay on the battle-field. The 

 loss of the former was t>4 killed and 217 wounded, 

 that of the latter rather more than 500. Both 

 claimed the victory, but the British had failed to 

 force their way to Albany. 



The two armies lay for several days inactive. On 

 Sept. 29th Gen. Benjamin Lincoln joined Gates 

 with 2000 men, while Burgoyne's army melted 

 away through desertion. In vain did he call on 

 Howe and Clinton. His provisions began to fail ; 

 he must fight or flee. On Oct. 7th he determined 

 to make a reconnoissancc in force and replenish his 

 stores by foraging. His foragers were discovered 

 and, at 2.30 p. M., the struggle was recommenced. 

 Arnold and Morgan were the inspiring spirits for 

 the patriots, Fraser for the British. At length the 

 last was struck down, and panic seized the royalists, 

 which was augmented by the appearance of 3000 

 fresh troops under Gen. Tenbroeck. The British 

 were driven within their lines. Both armies were 

 exhausted, the Americans being as incapable of fol- 

 lowing up their advantage as the. British of repair- 

 ing their discomfiture. The American loss was 150 ; 

 the British, 700. 



The 8th was spent in heavy skirmishing, till, at 

 evening, Burgoyne, leaving his baggage and 

 wounded, set out on a night march for Saratoga. 

 On the 9th he encamped on the heights north of 

 Fishkill. Gates pursued on the 10th and reached 

 the heights between Saratoga church and the Fish- 

 kill in the afternoon. 



Burgoyne now saw no means of saving his army 

 pave by a precipitate Bight to Fort Edward, which 

 he hoped to capture. With this view he sent a 

 working-party in advance. Gates, supposing this 

 to lie the whole British army in retreat, ordered a 

 general advance over the Fishkill. Burgoyne ap- 

 preciating his mistake, leaving a guard in his camp, 

 aided 03- a fog, ambushed his main force in an ad- 

 joining thicket. The Americans on crossing were 

 received by a heavy fire. Gates now learned the 

 truth from a deserter and recalled his men to their 

 'ositions. Burgoyne saw that there was no longer 

 nope of escape. His position was exposed to fire on 

 nil sides; the roads to the north were impas^aHe 

 and the woods swarmed with patriots ; lie had bread 

 only for three days and water was inaccessible.. On 

 the 13th he called a council of war and it was 

 VOL. IV. 2 c 



!' 

 ii 



1 resolved to treat with Gates for honorable surrender. 

 j After negotiating, terms were agreed to on the 10th, 

 and, on Sept. 17th, articles were subscribed whereby 

 j the British were permitted to march out of the camp 

 with the honors of war, surrendering their artillery, 

 arms, and ammunition, and engaging not to serve 

 again during the war. Burgoyne, in presence of the 

 two armies, in the afternoon, surrendered his sword 

 to Gates who promptly returned it. The British 

 troops then filed off to Boston, whence they were to 

 I embark for England. But Congress afterwards re- 

 fused to carry out the terms of surrender, and the 

 British prisoners were taken to Pennsylvania and 

 i Virginia, where they mostly remained till the close 

 of the war. (J. H.) 



SARDOU, VICTORIES, French dramatist, was 

 born at Paris Sept. 7, 1831. The son of a classical 

 professor, he had in early manhood a severe struggle 

 with poverty. He gave lessons in various branches, 

 wrote for reviews, dictionaries, and newspapers, 

 and even composed a play which failed miserably. 

 ! It was not until his marriage with Mile, de Bre- 

 | court, in 1858, gave him access to the theatre 

 manager Dejazet that he entered fairly on the field 

 in which he achieved a flattering success. His play 

 Candide (I860) was soon followed by a shoal of 

 others, produced at various theatres. Among them 

 may be noted Nos Intimes, Lcs Patles de Jfowhe, La 

 Perle Noire. Offenbach contributed the music to his 

 comic operas. Sardou's career was interrupted for 

 a while by the overthrow of the Empire, but early 

 in 1872 he brought out Rabayax, a political comedy, 

 in the style of Aristophanes, aimed at Gambetta. Its 

 representation excited serious disturbances in Paris 

 and in the provinces. His noted caricature, L'Oiitle 

 Sam, was actually prohibited for a time at Paris 

 ! lest it should produce diplomatic complications with 

 the United States. But when produced in New 

 ; York, in March, 1873, it caused more astonishment 

 than anger. A later noted comedy, Daniel Bochat 

 (1880), turned on the question of religious marriages, 

 various views of which were presented by characters 

 easily recognized. Sardou was chosen a member of 

 the French Academy in June, 1877, and his recep- 

 ' tion took place May '23, 1S78. His most noted later 

 j works are fldoru and Theodora, both written for 

 i Sarah Bernhardt. They have proved as popular on 

 j the English and American stage as in Paris. Sar- 

 1 dou's comedies, struck oft' rapidly, arc full of spirit, 

 i and reproduce vividly on the stage the movements 

 j of the world around him. With Shakespearean di- 

 rectness and confidence in his right to whatever he 

 finds worth taking he has not hesitated to make use 

 i of situations and scenes already employed by others. 

 His popularity has not been in the least affrctcd by 

 this open plagiarism. Snrdou was narried in 1872 to 

 j Mile. Soulier, daughter of the keeper of the museum 

 at Versailles. 



SARGENT, EPES (1R12-1880\ a prolific author 

 Of popular bonks, was born Sept. 27, 1812, at Glouces- 

 ter, Mass., where his family had resided for more 

 than a century. In boyhood he visited Russia and 

 for two years he studied at Harvard College. He 

 became connected with the Boston Daily Advertiser, 

 but he and his elder brother, John Osborne Sar- 



ent, who was afterwards noted as a lawyer, assisted 

 . G. Goodrich (for whom see ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRI- 

 TANNICA) in the preparation of the popular series 

 issued under the name of "Peter Parley." Epes 

 ' Sargent was for many years engaged as a journalist, 

 ' sometimes in New York and Washington, but mostly 

 in Boston. He and his brother were active in the 

 interest of the Whig party. Epes also wrote for the 

 stage but without marked success, his chief plays 

 liciii',' The llride of Genoa (1830), and the tragedies 

 lY/d.sro (1837) and Tlie Pricatess (1855). In his 

 later years his chief occupation was the preparation 

 of readers, speakers, and other school books, which. 



