SCIIAUFFLER SCHEM. 



449 



introduction l>y Dr. Nevin. In opposition to the 

 extreme individualism which had prevailed in the 

 New England Churches, Prof. Sehatf insisted on the 

 historic development of the Church, as an organism. 

 His views provoked a controversy even in the Ger- 

 man Reformed Cliurch, and lie was tried for heresy 

 but acquitted. His History of the Ajxjsl'ilir, Church 

 (1*51 ', appeared first in German, was soon trans- 

 lated into English, and linally expanded into his 

 valuable Ilittory of the Christian Churcli (6 vols., 

 1 S.V.I -88). Meantime had appeared his Life and 

 Labors i if St. Awjustine (1853), and numerous essays 

 and articles, by no means conlined to theology. In 

 1854 Prof. Scbaffpaid a visit to his friends in Europe, 

 and received from his Alma Mater the degree of J). D. 

 He took occasion to publish for the benefit of Ger- 

 mans, America : The Political, Social, and Kelly IHUS 

 Condition af tlie United Stutis (Berlin, 1854). This 

 was translated into English, and after his return he 

 prepared a somewhat similar book on Germany: its 

 Uwmrafio, Theolfxjy and lieliyion (1857), giving 

 graphic sketches of its most prominent theologians. 

 Dr. Schalfs mastery of the department of church 

 history was now universally acknowledged. He 

 was a contributor to several theological quarterlies 

 nnd toother periodicals. In 1X02 he was appointed a 

 lecturer in Andover .Seminary, and afterwards in 

 other institutions. In 1803 the seminary at Mer- 

 ccrslmrg having been closed in couseqii"ii.-e of the 

 civil war, Dr. Scbaff removed to New York city, 

 which has since been bis residence. He was seire- 

 1 irv of the New York Sabbath Committee from 

 lSii:j to ls<V.(, and visited Europe in 1805 to promote 

 Sibbath observance and Sunday schools. Atler 

 fettling in New York, he joined the Presbyterian 

 Church, and in 1870 was chosen professor of apolo- 

 getics and symbolics in the Union Theological 

 Semimry. In 1872 be was transferred to the chair 

 of Hebrew, and in 1875 to that of sacred literature. 

 lie was the ehic-f American organizer of the Evan- 

 gelical Alliam-e and superintended the arrangements 

 of its meeting in Now York city in 1873. He was 

 also a delegate to its conferences at Basle in 1875, 

 and at Copenhagen in 1884. In like manner he took 

 part in forming the Alliance of the Reformed 

 Churches in 1875, and he has been prominent at its 

 meetings at Edinburgh (1X77), Philadelphia (1S80>, 

 Belfast ( 1884 >, and London (188S). This Alliance is 

 often called the Presbyterian Alliance. 



In 1805 there appeared under Dr. SchafTs editorial 

 supervision the lirst volume of an American revised 

 and enlarged edition of Dr. J. P. Lance's Coniiinn- 

 tary on the Uib'e. In this edition twenty prominent 

 American scholars contributed to improve the ela- 

 borate original. Such was the value of their labors 

 that this work was accepted in England as the 

 standard translation. The association thus exhibited 

 in Biblical work easily prepared the way for the 

 organization of an American committee to assist in 

 revising the English version of the Bible. This 

 work wns commenced in 1871, and successfully and 

 harmoniously completed under the direction of Dr. 

 S-haff, who published an IntniducUan cm the Ittrlxinn 

 "f the, liib'c (1873\ The Revised Version of the 

 New Testament was issued simultaneously in May, 

 issi, in England and America ; the Old Testament 

 was similarly issued in 1885. 



Another notable work by Dr. Rrlmffis The Crreds 

 of Chrixtenttmi (3 vols., 1877), bring a collection of 

 the authorized symbols and confessions of the prin- 

 cipal Christian Churches, with notes and introduc- 

 tion. In his efforts to popularize the latest results 

 of German research. Dr. Schan" became editor of an 

 American edition of the Kflii/hnix Britydopadia, 

 prepared by Drs. Ilerzog and Piilt. This was 

 translated, revised, and condensed, while extensive 

 articles pertaining to American topics were added. 

 The whole wan published under the title, The Sclwjf- 



Hcrzng Dictionary of Religious Knowledge (3 vols., 

 1 1884). A supplemental volume, giving biographical 

 sketches of liviug divines, has since been issued 

 j (1887). 



Besides the various works already mentioned, Dr. 

 j Schaff has prepared collections of hymns, both Ger- 

 man and English; Christ in Sony (1808), an illus- 

 trated Bible Dictionary (1880;, and with Arthur 

 Gilman, a Library of Keliywus Podry (1881). la 

 ' 1886 he became editor of the Select Library of the 

 ' JVicene and Post-Ricene fathers, to be completed in 

 2o volumes. In his prodigious literary activity he 

 has been assisted by various helpers, notably Rev. 

 S. M. Jackson, and his son, Rev. D. S. Schaff. 



(j r. L.) 



SCHAUFFLER, WILLIAM GOTTLIEB (17l>6- 

 1883), missionary, was born at Stuttgart, Wurtem- 

 bcrg, Aug. 22, 1798, but was taken by his father to 

 Odessa in childhood. In 1820 he was taken by Rev. 

 ' Joseph Wolff, Constantinople, to be prepared for mis- 

 sionary work. Afterwards he went to America and 

 studied theology at Andover. Being appointed a 

 missionary of the American Board in 1831, he re- 

 turned to Constantinople and there devoted himself 

 with the utmost diligence to mission work, including 

 the translation of the Bible into the Osmanli-Turkish 

 dialect. He was conversant with nineteen lan- 

 guages, and able to preach in several of them. His 

 scholarship and labors obtained for him degrees 

 from German and American universities. He died 

 at the residence of his sou in New York city, Jan. 

 20, IKS:;. 



SCHEFFEL, JOSEPH VICTOR vox r 1826-1886), 

 German poet, was born in Carlsruhe, Baden, Feb. 

 10, 1820. lie was educated in the Lyceum of that 

 city and afterwards studied science, philology, and 

 literature in Munich, Heidelberg, and Berlin. 

 From 1848 to 1852 he was referendary at Sackin- 

 gen, and then abandoning the service of the State, 

 spent 1852-53 in Italy. Later, he lived occasion- 

 ally in Munich nnd Heidelberg. For a time he was 

 librarian to the Prince of Fiirstciibcrg, at Donaus- 

 chingen, nnd he also enjoyed the patronage of the 

 Grand-Dole Alexander of Weimar. From 1866 

 till his death in Carlsruhe, April U, 1880, he lived 

 partly in that city and partly on his estate near 

 Rjulolfzell on the Lake of Constance. 



His fir.-t greatly successful epic poem The 



Tritiii] ttfr of S<irkmyen had its origin in 1853, in 



Sorrento, on the island of Capri, where he lived in 



! friendly intercourse with Paul Ileyse. His Poems 



| (1880,), illustrated by A. von Werner, comprise 



! fresh German and Italian genre pictures and 



cabinet-pieces recalling the humor of Hoflniami. 



The historical romance Eklehurd (Frankfort, 1855; 



Slu'tgard. 1880. illustrated by von Werner), as well 



as the novel Jtinijima, the History of a Crusader 



I Stuttgard. 1833 , present vivid pictures of media> 



val life. His collection of poems, Fruu Aviiitiurc, 



Soityx of the time of Hiinriih von Ostenliiiytn, seems 



like an echo of the old German minnesingers, while 



his Gaudetimns, Srmys from far and near, delight by 



their genial humor and strike the genuine popular 



note. Other productions nre his Eerapsa 1 men ; Wal- 



ilriiin'jtmkeit, and Waltarilied Verdeutscht. Sehenel 



I was an original poet, not free from mannerism, but 



j of sound judgment and genuine fancy. In 1876 



! the Grand Duke of Baden made him a hereditary 



noble. 



SCHEM, ALEXANDER JACOB (1820-18811, eocy- 

 j clopsedist, was born in Widenbriick, Westphalia, 

 March 10, 1826. He was educated at the Universi- 

 ties of Bonn and Tiibingen, and was ordained in 

 the Roman Catholic Cliurch. Having become a 

 i Protestant, he emigrated to the United States in 

 ; 1851, and was made professor of modern languages 

 1 in Dickinson College in 1854. Having become a 

 , contributor to Appleton's Neve American f--'- *- 



