4oO 



i 



in H.'iO. be removed to X. w Ymk. and was there 

 diligently employed in willing ami contributing to 

 liew.-p:i|i<-r> :in.| c\clopttdia> Ulllll his death :it \\ i -t 

 Hob,.-ki-i.. X. .)., M.s> -21. issl. FI-..III 1S7-1 In- hail 

 liet'ii nUn asuisUinl rapwintcndmt "f public schools 

 tor Xcw York city, ami with Henry Ki.idle he edited 



/'/n/ia nf toluciilinn (ISTTi. 



v 1IKXCK. BOBEKT CfMMixo, general, was 

 born lit Franklin, Ohio, Oct. 7, l.SUll. His father 

 served as an ollicer in (ic.n. Harrison'* army. He 

 graduated at Miami University in 1827, atul became 

 professor there. After being admitted to the bar 

 lie kcttlcd at Dayton, anil was soon elected lo the 

 legislature. Ill ~JS4:l he w;is eiei-leil to Cong, 

 a Whig, and gained reputation fur his pungent 

 ([H'eclics. In 1851 he was sent a* U. S. minister 

 t" Brazil. After his return he practised his pro- 

 I >~|.'ii until the outbreak of the civil war, when he 



Miimissioncd brigadter-geaeral of volunteers. 

 In June, 18<>1. while his command were lieing trans- 

 ported by railroad to Vienna, Va , they were lired 

 upon Riicf sustained severe loss. (Jon. Sclienck was 

 engaged at Hull Kuu, and serveii in West Virginia, 

 Hiul in the Shenandoah Valley. At the Mtuond 

 kittle of Hull Run, he commanded a division and 

 had his right arm shattered by a ritle ball. He was 

 promoted major-general, Sept. 18, 18<i'2, and ail- 

 pointed to the command of Baltimore, which he 

 iroU'cted during 1-ee's invasion of Pennsylvania. 

 n 180.'! he returned to Congress and took a prom- 

 inent part throughout the reconstruction periiMl. 

 lie wa.> latterly chairman of the committee of ways 

 and nicnns. In 1871 he was sent as U. 8. minister 

 to England nnd discharged his diplomatic duties 

 well, but on the failure of a silver-mining company 

 in which he was a director he resigned in 1870, and 

 afterwards practised law nt Washington. 



SCHENECTADY, a city of New York, county- 

 peat of Seheneetady co., i< on the south bank of the 

 Mohawk River, 17 miles X. W. of Albany. It is on 

 the N. Y. Central, the Albany and Susquchanna, 

 anil the Rensselaer and Saratoga railroads, and on 

 tin: Erie canal. It is the seat of Union College, now 

 enlarged into Union University by the addition of 

 1 iw and mcdi'-al schools at Albany. (See UNION 

 UNMVERSITY. ) Sehencetady has a. city hall and 

 court-house, a national bank nnd other banks. -2 

 high schools, 20 churches. 2 daily and 4 weekly 

 uewsnnpers. Its industrial works comprise woolen 

 nnd flour mills, machine and Uiilcr shops, locomotive 

 works, stove foundries, broom factories, and other 

 manufactories. It was nn Indian trading post in 

 II.LMI. and was chartered in 1084. As a frontier 

 Kdiloinont, it wns n place of interest in the Fr-nch 

 r.nd Indian War, and in the Krvolniion. In 17VI8 

 it wns made a city. In 1880 its population was 



SCHEXKEL, PANIEI. (lfI3-MW.'l, a P-viss theo- 

 l"_'ian, was born at I>.igcrlcn, near Zurich. IH'c. '21, 

 lie studieil theology at Basel an<l (iiittingen, 

 Ins instructors bring De Wette, Uagenbnch, Gd 

 and I.iickc. He I>C'_MII to lecture at Basel in ls.!7. 

 and in 1>H wiMimde pastor NtSchAfThaiMon. Upon 

 toe death of De Write in 1*4'.*. S'hcnkel, who was 

 his closest follower in spirit and metluMl, was chosen 

 to succci'd him as professor of theology at Basel, hut 

 in ls."l he was called by the grand-duke of Baden 

 to be chief university preacher and church council- 

 lor. His noted Work, I)"X \\'i n n <l(.t I'l-nlntn,. 



(3 vols. is It'.-.", 1 1, while aiming at a reconciliation of 

 modern rationalist critiei.-m with the spirit of the 

 Reformation, yet marked a wide departure from the 

 orthodox theology ami its views of the inspiration 

 of the Scripture*. Schetikel contributed to LUftt'ii 

 JHI'ciirrrk commentaries on Ephrsjans, Philippians, 

 nnd Colossians, but as he swerved more widely from 

 orthodoxy, this place ws afterwards supplied by 

 Dr. Brauuc*s conimeut.uies. Schcnkcl also edited 



.IF.MAXX. 



the Al'ijrmeine Kinltcnzettung, nnd .'trenuously sup- 

 jxrled the lilx-ral movemeiil both ill theology and 

 in church constitution. He emit avoivd to introduce 

 the congregational principle into the Het-.-ian 

 Church. Schcnkel's free thinking culminated in his 

 Jjits ('liarnktiriild.li.-'i . l^r.-l ,, which passed through 

 >c\cral editions, but against which 118 pastors ill 

 Baden published a prole.-t. In reply Scht nkcl issued 

 Die j'r'itt.-t<ii<tii*'l<r J-'nihiit in Mrvm " 



one of Ihe most active promoters of the 1'rotestan- 

 tenve.rein (for which see ENCYCl.or^HIA BI:I . 

 NICA). This movement he advocated in ('Ar/.s/m- 

 tlniin und Kirthe in Einklany mil thr Kiilturait- 

 irii-ki-'img (1807) and various other publications. 

 At the approach of the Vatican Council Prof. 

 S.-hetikel was vigorous in his denunciation of the 

 new pretensions which were proposed to be put 

 forth by the Roman Church and its head. At the 

 great iVotestant reunion at Worms Sclu-nkel was 

 the' chief orator and his report was adopted by 

 JO,UK) adherents. The most important of Schcnkel's 

 literary labors was his Hibcl-Lsxikon (1807 -75 1, in 

 which he was aided by a numerous corps of 

 scholars. Among his later works was 7'".< ("'An>(n.\- 

 bilil dtr Ajxistel mid der Hodtapottttiafhi n /,i ( 1^7.">>. 

 He was always an active contributor lo periodi- 

 | cats, and he published many pamphlets on ll.io!n_i- 

 ; cal and polemic subjects. After a long illness bo 

 died at HeidellH-rg, May "20, 1 



SCHEUER, EDMO.ND HKXKI ADOLPHK, French 

 liberal theologian and journalist, wa.- born at I'uris, 

 Ajiril 8, 1815. His father was a Swiss by birth and 

 a hanker by profession. The son studied at the 

 < i>!lege Bourbon, spent two years in England, and 

 after his return studied law at Paris and theology 

 at Strasburg. lie was appointed professor of exe- 

 gesis at t.incva in 1S4.~>, but when his views of the 

 inspiration of the Bible changed, resigned his post 

 and published La Critique et In F<4 ilH.">ln. 'ihen 

 he became a leader of the liberal party in the 

 French Reformed Church. After the overthrow of 

 the Empire he entered into political life and was 

 (l-'cted to the national assembly in July, 1871. 

 He was a leader among the rcp'ubiU ans "and en- 

 deavored to promote the union of their various 

 groups. He was acti\e in his cflbrls against thu 

 ministry of the. Due du Brcglie and as>i>l< d in 

 (Meeting its overthrow. lie was a correspondent 

 of the London Dull;/ J\'m-s and a regular contribu- 

 tor to Le Tcii'i* until 1879. when he withdrew on 

 per-onal grounds. He was also connected with ( 'ola- 

 ni's Hfi-ue de Tlt&>l"</ie tl <!t Phi'.omjiliie chrti 

 From his contribution to ]icri"Klicals.lie gathered 

 Milnr.i;cs de Critique i-Hii/ituse (1800), hid) } 

 through several editions. He also published 

 Atexdndre Vinct (1853 ; Elvdt* critique* ear la lii- 

 tf rutitre <f)ntcmpnr<(inr '.") scries, 1803-78); Jlle'.anyis 

 d'liixt' i^i'*4^. 



srill.M'AUKM.I.CJiovAXXi Vmr.iNirs, Italian 

 astronomer, was horn at SavL'iiano, March 5, lS';."i. 

 Hi' pursued mathematical studies at Turin until 

 I^.M'i. when he went lo Berlin and all'-rwards to 

 Pulkowa for observatory work. In ISlill he 

 i inployed in the observatory at M ilan and in 1SC.2 

 was niade director there. His work has given him 

 high rank among living astronomers. lie has dis- 

 covi n d an asteroid, and has published trcal i 



i is and various star*, on the planet Mars nnd 



sonic satellites. He has also published an historical 

 work on The Prccunsors of Cogtmtau in Antiquity 

 (.Milan. 1S7:;>. 



s< lll.A'l "I'l'.i;. MICHAEL. Sec REFoniiEi> 

 CtifHcii is TIIK UMII:H STATIC. 



SCIII.1F.MANX. HI-.IM:I< n, nrchwological cx- 

 plon-i. was born Jan. U, 1 4 'J. a! Ncu-IJuckow in 

 Mcckli -nbiirg-Si'liweriii. His- father was a poor 

 clergyman, and the son Laving school at the a^e 



