SCHMUCKER-SCHOFIELD. 



451 



of 14 was apprenticed to a shopkeeper in Fiirsten- 

 berg. At the end of five years overwork had 

 rendered lain useless to his master, and he went to 

 Hamburg. He obtained a place as cabiu-boy on a 

 ship bound for Venezuela, but the ship was wrecked 

 on the island Texel, and the unfortunate youth was 

 sent to hospital at Amsterdam. In this city he ob- 

 tained mercantile employment and diligently im- 

 proved his leisure in the acquirement of modern 

 languages. After he had learned Russian, his em- 

 ployers sent him to St. Petersburg, where he spent 

 eleven years in business. Having learned Modern 

 Greek, lie took up the study of the ancient language 

 and was soon enraptured with Homer. In 1858 he 

 set out on travels which extended through Sweden, 

 Di-nuiark, Germany, Italy, Egypt, Syria, and 

 Greece. In 18ii3 he resumed his business activity 

 intending to acquire the means of devoting himself 

 to Greek archaeology. In 1804 he set out on a 

 journey around the world which was completed in 

 i8tiS, and furnished material for his first publication. 

 Two years later he went to Greece and Asia Minor 

 to visit the scenes of Homer's poems. He had 

 married a Greek lady, who had attracted him b}' 

 her devotion to the same poet, and her sympathy 

 and assistance were of great benefit to his researches. 

 Having come to the conclusion that the site of 

 ancient Troy was at Hissarlik, he determined in 

 1870 to explore the place. He employed 150 

 laborers, whose excavations revealed the ruins or 

 traces of no less than six successive settlements. 

 One of these, which had l>ecn burnt, he pronounced 

 Homeric Troy. Treasure enough was obtained to 

 repay all the outlay, but the irreater part has been 

 deposited ill the Schliemann Museum, a part of the 

 Ethnological Mu.-cum in Merlin. Tlie publication 

 nl' liis researches provoked great controversy, as 

 i -lav-leal scholars had generally been adverse to 

 a Imilting llisar!ik as the site of Troy. But the 

 p is'tive results of his explorations were too great 

 t;> be gainsaid. In 1870 be. undertook the explora- 

 tion of UK; site of Mycenae, and obtained from its 

 t-mibs an enormous amount of treasure. Again in 

 1381-82 he excavated the treasury- of Orchomenos, 

 and discovered many remains of prehistoric art. 

 Finally in 1884-85 he explored in the same way the 

 site of Tiryns and brought to light the prehistoric 

 palace of its kia^s. These discoveries were set be- 

 fore the world in a succession of splendid volumes, 

 of which may l>e mentioned here Trof<tnitdu Alter- 

 tliUnirr (with atlas. 1S74); Mi/crnm, with introduc- 

 tion by Gladstone (1878); Ilios, with introduction by 

 II. Viieh'>w (1881); Orchomenog (1881); 2Wy'a, with 

 introduction by A. H. Sayce (1883); ZVyiu, with 

 introduction by F. Adler and essays by W. Dorpfeld 

 llfiStt). M.-t of these issued simultaneously in 

 English, French, and German. Among the marks 

 of honor bestowed on Schliemann were the degree 

 of doctor of philosophy by the University of Rostock 

 i i 1^)9, the decree of doctor of civil law by the 

 University of Oxford in 1883. He has since 1871 

 resided chiellv at Athens. 



SCIIMUCKEK, SAMUEL SIMON (1790-1873), 

 Lutheran minister, was born Feb. 28, 1799, at 

 Hagerstown. Md., where his father, Rev. John G. 

 Schmucker, D.D., was pastor. He studied theology 

 and in 1820 was ordained pastor of a church at 

 Newmarket, Va. In 1820 he was made president 

 of the theological seminary, then begun at Gettys- 

 burg, and held this position until the institution 

 was closed by the civil war. He died July 26, 1873. 

 He contributed to theological reviews and published 

 several works on Lutheranism and other subjects. 

 His son SAMUEL MOSHEIM SMUCKER (1828-1868] 

 became a Lutheran clergyman, then a lawyer and 

 finally a prolific author of popular biographies and 

 similar books. Another son. BEALK MKLANCII- 

 TJION SCHJIUCKEU (1827-1888;, succeeded to his 



father's denominational activity and prominence. 

 He held pastorates at Martinsburg, Va., Allenlon-n, 

 Easton, Reading, and Pottstown, Pa. He was ono 

 of the founders of the Lutheran General Council in 

 1807, and devoted much attention to the liturgy and 

 hymnology of the church. 



SCHNAASE, KAKL (1798-1875), German art- 

 historian, was born at Dantzig in 17t;8. After 

 studying philosophy and jurisprudence at the Uni- 

 versity of Heidelberg, he made a tour in Germany, 

 in the course of which the art-gallery of Dresden 

 awakened his innate love for the fine arts. After 

 having filled several otlices in Dautzic and Kb'nigs;- 

 berg, he set out, in 1825, for Italy and there became 

 deeply interested in the study of the architectural 

 c/jf/s-d'eeuiTe of the middle ages and antiquity, the 

 history of which, in after-life, occupied all the 

 hours "he could spare from his public administrative 

 functions. He was appointed assessor at Kb'nigs- 

 berg, 1820, councillor of the superior provincial 

 court of Marieuwerder, 1829, councillor of the High 

 Court of Berlin, 1845, from which last office he 

 retired into private life in 1857. Among his nume- 

 rous works are Ltttrrx from Ike Netherlands (Stutt- 

 (jard, 1834), in which he treats the study of art 

 from a historical and philosophical point of view ; 

 the Introduction to the woik of Sehwantaler, en- 

 titled The Crumide of f\edcri<k Jiurbarossa (1840); 

 Jl,.-ln,-y of the Fine Art* (Diisseldorf, 7 vols., 1843- 

 18(14 ; 2d cd., 1800), the last being his most impor- 

 tant work. Beside this he has been one of the 

 most active collaborators on the German Art 

 Mai/'tzine, and the Art Magazine of Tubingen. 

 In 1858 he founded the Journal nf Christum Art, 

 which he edited for many years in conjunction 

 with Gruneisen and Schnorr von Carolsleld. In 

 1807 he settled in Wiesbaden and died there May 

 20, 1875. 



se J1OFIELD, JOHN MCALLISTER, major-gene- 

 ral, was born in Chautauqua co., N. Y., Sept. 29, 

 1H31. He graduated at West Point in 1853 and was 

 professor of natural philosophy there until 1800, 

 when he took a similar posiiion in Washington. 

 University, St. Louis. When the secession move- 

 ment began in Missouri, he was appointed major of 

 the Fir^t Missouri Volunteers and was chief of staff 

 to Gen. Nathaniel Lyou until the death of that 

 commander. Schofield was commissioned brigadier- 

 general in November, 1801. and had command in 

 Missouri. He was commissioned major-general of 

 volunteers Nov. 21), 1802, but remained west of the 

 Mississippi until January, 1804. He was t'heu 

 placed in command of the Army of the Ohio, reliev- 

 ing Gen J. G. Foster who had" been holding Knox- 

 ville, Tenu. He led the 23d Army Corps in Gen. 

 Sherman's campaign, taking part in most of the 

 fighting until the capture of Atlanta in September. 

 In November he was sent in pursuit of Gen. J. B. 

 Hood, who had left Georgia to invade Tennessee 

 and capture Nashville, which was held by Gen. G. 

 H. Thomas. After some fighting along the road 

 Schofield defeated Hood's army at Franklin, Tenn., 

 Nov. 30, and joined Thomas. For this service he 

 was made brigadier-general in the regular army. 

 After Hood's army was dispersed, Schofield in 1805 

 was ordered to Annapolis, Md., and thence sent by 

 sea to North Carolina. He occupied Wilmington 

 Feb. 22, fought again at Kingston and joined Gen. 

 Sherman at Goldsboro March 22. When Gen. J. E. 

 Johnston surrendered his command. Gen. Schofield 

 was appointed to carry out the terms of the con- 

 vention. HP had command of the military district 

 of Virginia 1800-07. When the attempted impeach- 

 ment of President Johnson had failed, in May, 1808, 

 Stanton was obliged to resign his position as Secre- 

 tary of War, and the President appointed Gen. 

 Schofield Secretary ml interim. The position hnd 

 just been the object of a fierce conflict between the 



