459 



inu.i r\ 9 iiru/. 



President and Congress, but Sclmlk-ld accepted and 

 discharged tlie dangerous duty in such a masterly 

 way as lo offend neither party. Ho retired when 

 Gen. Grant was inangu rated in 1809 and was pro- 

 moted to be major-general U. S. A. He was 

 MSigned to the drpMttMOl of Missouri, but a 

 year later v::ii transferred to the division of the 

 Pacific. In July. ISTil, he wns made su|>crintendcnt 

 of the Military 'Academy at West I'oinl. In lss-j 

 he was again "made oonowader of i hi- Department 



of the Pacific with headquarters at San Francisco. 

 Alter the death of Gen. Hancock Gen. Schotield 

 .led iu April, 1S.SJ, to the command of the 

 division of the Atlantic, with his headquarters at 

 Governor's Island, New York hartior. On the 

 death of Gen. Sheridan he became c<imnmiider of 

 the United States army in August, 1888, hut con- 

 tinued at New York until December, when he 

 removed to Washington. 



scnoLTEX, JoHAjrm HBRDBIK (1S11-1865), 



Dutch rationalist theologian, was burn at Lenten, 

 near Utrecht, A us:. 17, 1811. His father was a 

 minister, and his uncle professor in the University 

 of I'trecht. Scholtcn after a brilliant academical 

 career in that institution received the decrees of 

 doctor of philosophy and of theology and was for 

 some time a pastor at Meerkerk. In 1843 he was 

 made a professor of theology in the University of 

 lycydcu and soon srave a remarkable impulse to his- 

 torical, critical and dogmatic studies not only in the 

 Netherlands, but throughout Europe. He was 

 rector of the I'niversity t various times nnd finally 

 retired in 18S1. Among his works are those on the 

 J><*-tritie fif the K.fi.rmi'l Cl,i,rrh ('2 vols., 184S-: ( (i); 

 lliatnri'-nl niiil d-:ti'"i! IitlitHliirlinii lo the New Tixln- 

 iiinit (IS.V5); ('iiiixirtitire History f litligion mid 

 J'hil&Hthy (1853); Fi-ir U'/// rrHiniUij examined 

 (1&VJ;; The GoKiicl "f J<>ln\ (Istili; ffapamatunUtm 

 in relation to the' liib'c (IStii); Tlir J'uu'inc (!<>i<j,d 

 (1878); and several critical treatises on the four 

 Gospels. On retiring from his professorship he 

 delivered an address reviewing his theological 

 development. He died in IKS.",. 



BCHOMDUBGK. SIK KOHKUT HERMANN (1804- 

 1865), German-British explorer and nnturalist. was 

 born at Freiburg, Prussia, June 5, isi4. He en- 

 tered on a mercantile career at Lcipsic and after- 

 wards removed to Virginia, where lie was partner 

 in a tobacco factory, which failed. He went to the 

 island of St. Thomas, W. I., in IS JO, and in the next 

 year made a scientific exploration of Ancg.-idn. one 

 of the Viruin Islands. On the publication of his 

 report of this exploration the lioyal Geographical 

 Society commissioned him to explore British Guiana, 

 lie spent four years in the work, and among other 

 curiosities discovered tlie great water-lily which he 

 named " Victoria regia." He published a Dexcrip- 

 tion of British (ininini. QtoyrttlMlcal <un! Statixti'-nl 

 (1840); The Fuhe nf Ouin'nn (X vols., 1841-3), and 

 other book* relating to the country. For his Jiriirrrl 

 to the Iloval Geographical Society he received its 

 cold medal, and to the German translation of it by 

 his brother Olio, Alexander von Huniboldt contri- 

 buted an introduction. Schombursk was employed 

 on the survey of the boundary between British 

 Guiana and Brazil until 1H14, nnd was knighted 

 illcr. He was appointed British consul and 

 charge d'affaires in the Dominican Republic in 1848, 

 and in iwr>7 was sent to Siam as consul general. 

 He retired in WA, and died at S-honcln-r;:. near 

 Berlin, March 11. 1KM. Besides the works already 

 mentioned he published a Jlixtori/ f tin BortodoM 

 (HIT) and Discovery nf Gi<ni'i In/ .Sir Walter Kuleiyh 

 (184M). 



His brother, Morilz Blcbard S, homhursrk, who 

 had as-luted in exploring Guiana, went to Australia 

 in 1H4!), nnd wan made director of' the botanical 

 garden at Adelaide in ISO.'). 



IIOOLS. Sec COMMON SCHOOLS and EDU- 

 CATION. 



M-'IH'LZE. FHAXZ EITLAKD, German zoologist, 

 was born at Eldena, near Givifi-wald. March u'-J, 

 1S40. He studied at Hostock and at Bonn, where 

 Max Schultze ititluenced him. In isr,.' | K - was made 

 profefcgor of comparative anatomy at Hostock and 

 took part in a Prussian scientific expedition to the 

 North Sea. In IST.'t lie was called to (Jratz as pro- 

 fe-sor of zoology, and in 1884 to Berlin, where lie 

 as made a member of the Itoyal Academy. His 

 writings relate chierty to histology and the develop- 

 ment of the lower animals. Among his notetl essays 

 are Die HnttAmem^WM dir Fixclx nnd Amphibitn 

 and Gotlyltinhnra liiruftr;* nnd some on sponges. 



SCHIJLZE-DEL1TZ8CH, HKKMANX, German 

 economist, was born at Delitzseh. Saxony, Auc. 29, 

 1 S "S. lie was e<lucatcd at the Universities of Leip- 

 f-ic and Halle and entered on a judicial career. 

 Devoting his leisure to economical studies he be- 

 came noted by his efforts for the improvement of the 

 working classes. In 1848 he was elected to the 

 National Assembly at Berlin ami wns made chair- 

 man of a committee of inquiry in regard to their 

 needs. He opposed both the old system of guilds 

 and the Socialistic schemes of State organizations. 

 Instead he advocated self-reliant associations of 

 workingmcn. Eventually his ideas took shape and 

 rained ^reat popularity. In 18.">1 lie founded the 

 lirst Credit-Union or People's Bank, whose plan 

 closely resembled that of American building as- 

 sociations (7. r.). In 1S78 there were in Germany 

 948 Credit Unions with 480,507 members, while 

 Belgium, France and other countries had many 

 associations of the same kind. Dr. Schulzc-Dc- 

 lil/sch has been elected to the Chamber of Deputies 

 nt Berlin in IStJl, and afterwards to the Reiehstair, 

 where he still urged his favorite idea of perfect free- 

 dom of association. Among his publications are 



\ Da* AnoeJattontbuck (1W-2 ; Die Arbclttmlin Khtx- 



'niil das Asxtridtimisircgen (18(33); Die Tf,/-M 

 !)(/ C'rrtlitrtrein all Vo!ki>lmiil>rn (18C4); Die Kiit- 

 irit-I.ehing dcs Gftntiueruckaflimttn (1870), and 

 treatises on political economy. 



SCIIURZ. CAIU,, politician and journalist, was 

 born nt Liblar, near Cologne, Prussia, March -2, 

 18^0. He was educated at Cologne nnd at the Uni- 

 versity of Bonn. Here in IK-IS ] 1( > conducted a 

 liberal journal, nnd in the following spring was 

 concerned in an attempt at insurrection. Failing 

 in Ibis be became adjutant of a revolutionary army 

 in North Germany, nnd after the surrender o'f 

 liastadt tied to Switzerland. Hcaftcrwards assisted 

 (ten. Kinkel, the leader of the revolt in Bonn, in 

 escaping from Spandan. After a year's residence 

 in London, Schnrz came toAnierfia in 1S.*2. nnd 



I spent three years in Philadelphia. In 18.~>5 Ins 

 removed to Madison. Wise., and there soon hecnmo 

 a political leader. He was active in rousing the 

 German element of thnt Stale to opposition to the 

 extension of slavery. In 18.Y7 he was candidate for 

 lieutenant-governor of Wisconsin on the Republican 

 ticket, but was defeated. In the thmous cnmpni^n 

 in which S. A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln con- 

 tended for the U. S. Sena torship for Illinois. Schnrz 

 delivered his first political speech in English. Thence- 

 forth be was conspicuous as one of the most ctli-ci i \ c 

 speakers of the Republican pnrty. In the National 

 Convention of that parly at Chicago in Hdo be was 

 inllucnlinl in shaping the platform adopted. 1'res. 

 Lincoln sent him as t". S. minister to Spain, but 

 before the close of lsr,l he resigned to enter the 

 army. In April, IHii-J, he wns made a brigndier- 



I general of volunteers nnd in June, he took command 



of a division in Gen. Si^el's cor))". lie fought in the 



ml battle of Hull Hun. and in (he bnttle of 



Ch:mecl!orsvillc. where bis Iroops were MirpriMd 



.and routed by "Stonewall" Jackson. At GIII\K- 



