scnr YLER- sen WE INFURTH. 



453 



burg and at Chattanooga his division retrieved its 

 reputation. After the war Schurz remained iii 

 Washington for a time, niul in 18o5 was sent by 

 Pres. Jolmsou on a special tour through the Suutli- 

 cru Statue. His report of their condition Allowed a 

 general acquiescence in the results of the war. 

 Schurz had now entered on iv Journalistic career, 

 and after establishing a paper at Detroit, went to 

 St Louis as editor ol the Westlk-lie Pud. His in- 

 HueiK-c with the German-American element of the | 

 population seemed unl)ounded. In 1809 he became 

 U. S. Senator from Missouri, and though he had 

 been an ardent supporter of Gen. Grant as a candi- 

 d itefor the presidency, he soon joined with Senator 

 Suiuner in opposing some favorite measures of the 

 1-Vesident. Among these was the attempt to acquire 

 S into Domingo for the United States. An alleged 

 sale of anus to the French nation also became the 

 subject of animadversion. In 1872 the opposition 

 t Pre. Grajit's renomination resulted in a Liberal 

 R publican Convention at Cincinnati. Horace 

 Gi-ecley was here nominated for the presidency, 

 tu nu'li the originators of the movement had pre- 

 f-rred Charles Francis Adams. Greeley was en- 

 d u-s.-d by the Democratic Convention, but was 

 complet iv defeated. Many members of the Liberal 

 jurty thenceforth remained with the Democrats, 

 t.ut Schurz iu 1870 gave his support to the Republi- 

 can nominee ; and Pres. Hayes called Schurz into 

 tho Cabinet as Secretary of the Interior. His 

 administration of this ollice was marked by 

 energy, integrity and ft determination to en- 

 force the laws. His treatment of some Indian 

 tribes, however, provoked adverse criticism. Alter 

 retiring from this ollioe Schurz was connerti>d 

 with the New York Emun'j Pout until ft change 

 of proprietorship caused his withdrawal. At 

 tiiis time he declined the offer of a pecuniary 

 testimonial from the admirers of his political 

 course. In 18,-it he was again conspicuous for 

 his opposition to Mr. Blaine, the presidential nomi- 

 nee of the Republican party, and was a leader of 

 the "Mugwumps." In 1880 a fall in the street 

 caused him severe injury, from which he but slowly 

 recovered. lie afterwards went to Europe, where 

 he had cordial meetings with Prince Bismarck and 

 other political leaders of Gernviny. Besides his 

 political speeches, which have been wide.ly circu- 

 lated, he published in the series of American Slales- 

 nien the best biography of Hrnry Clay ilK37). 



SCIIUYLER. PHILIP (1733-1804), general in 

 the American Revolution, was the great grandson 

 of Philip Pieterson von Schuyler, who emigrated 

 from Holland and settled at Albany, N. Y., in 1050. 

 Members of his family were prominent in Indian 

 atfiirs ftnd held various local offices. Philip was 

 born at Albany, Nov. 22, 1733. He inherited from 

 his father and uncle large estates, and his wealth 

 was increased by his marriage with Catharine Van 

 Runsselaer. He was early employed in military 

 anairs; in 17.35 he was captain in an expedition to 

 Crown Point ; in 1756 he was major and commissary 

 to the expedition to Oswego ; in 1758 he had similar 

 duties in the expedition for the invasion of Canada. 

 Before the close of that war he visited England, 

 being captured on the voyage by a French privateer, 

 but released by a British "frigate. Afterwards he 

 was a meml>er of the colonial assembly and he took 

 p.irt in the disputes respecting Vermont. When 

 the conflict with Great Britain began Schuyler took 

 the patriotic side. Su.-h was his prominence that 

 in 1775 Congress first appointed him as Gen. Wash- 

 ington's associate in prescribing the regulations for 

 t!iu American army, and a few days later commis- 

 sioned him as major-general with command of the 

 Northern Department. He sot out for the invasion 

 of Canada by way of Lake Champlain, but in Sep- 

 tember wa compelled by ill health to return to 



Albany while Montgomery went on to meet his fate 

 at (Quebec. Schuyler'.s withdrawal gave rise to 

 charges against his loyalty, and when Congress sent 

 Gun. Gates to be his associate in command, he of- 

 fered his resignation, but it was not accepted. Then 

 lie denmndeil a court of inquiry, which was granted. 

 The court approved Schuyicr's conduct, but did not 

 advise the removal ol Gates. Schuyler then had 

 himself chosen to Congress in 1777, and pleaded his 

 cause in person with Mich etteet that he was n stored 

 to full command. He set out trom AH any to oppose 

 Burgoyue's invasion, but f,,i i:d that St. Clair had 

 already been forced to abandon the strong fortn KS 

 of Ticonderoga, and had to return. A lurcir 

 clamor now arose against Sdiuylir, especially fn 111 

 New England, which was now open to atlatk. 

 Congret-s, yielding to the pi-ess- ure, sent Gates to 

 supersede him. But Srhuyli r, thoroughly ncquainl- 

 1 ed with the country and trtutcd by its inhabitants, 

 j was then using every exertion to prepare suitable 

 i di fence by rallying the troops nnd erecting forlifu n- 

 tions. His eanu st patriotism was still more signally 

 displayed in his giving to his rival the full him lit of 

 his services. He was present nt Burpoym-'b sur- 

 render, which his own wise arrangemuits had p really 

 helped to bring about. Dining the following wind r 

 another court of inquiry approved his conduct, l.ut 

 in April, 1779, alter he had been elected n member 

 | of Congress, he resigned from the army. He aidid 

 the public treasury by liberal advances frcm his 

 private rcwmrci s. From 1780 to 1784 and signin 

 IViini ITi-'ii to 17UI he was a Slate Suialor. In 17H) 

 the Mew York legislature elec ted him to the U. S. 

 Senate for two years, after which he retnrnid to 

 the State Senate. In 17K7 he was again elected U. 

 S. Senator, but was unable to serve on fit-count 

 ; of ill health. He died at Albany, Nov. 18, 1?04. 

 Though Gen. Schuyler's military career wns marked 

 by various misfortunes, he always had the confidence 

 of Washington. See Lossiiig's Life uttd 'linies <if 

 I Philip S'hn/hr (1872). 



S( IIWATKA, FDEDEIUCK, explorer, was torn 

 at Galena, Illinois, Sept. 29, 1849. He graduati d 

 at West Point in 1871, but soon resigned from the 

 army, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 

 New York iu 1875. Still not satisfied with his ac- 

 quirements he studied medicine nud received his 

 degree in 1870. In June, 1878, he sailed to the 

 Arctic regions in command of a Franklin search 

 expedition, and returned in Sept. 1880, having dis- 

 covered and buried the skeletons of several members 

 of Sir John Franklin's parly. In 1884 he explored 

 i the great river Yukon in Alaska. 



SCHWI INFURTH, GEORGE AUGUST, German 

 explorer and naturalist, was born at Riga, Sept. 29, 

 1830. Educated there and at the University of 

 Heidelberg, he devoted himself to the study of 

 botany, and made scientific excursions in Russia, 

 France and Italy. In 1863 he resolved to visit 

 Central Africa by wny of Khartoum, and returned 

 thence in 1866 with rich collections of natural history. 

 ' With the approval of the Berlin Academy, he start- 

 ed again in 1809 with the escort of an ivory trader 

 | and the favor of the governor-general of Soudan. 

 He explored the country of the Dinkas, Bongos, 

 Niani-Niam and Monbutto, nnd discovered the 

 Akkas, a pygmy race. In Dec. 1870, he lost by 

 fire his bagfiage, instruments nnd journal, but his 

 collections had been previously transmitted to 

 Europe. He arrived at Suez in Aug. 1871, and was 

 i received in Germany with great enthusiasm. In 

 ; 1873-74 he explored the great oasis in the Libyan 

 i desert and wns appointed by the Khedive director 

 i of the museum of natural history at Cairo. In 

 i 1876-78 ho explored the count rv between the Nile 

 ! nnd the Red Sea, and in 1881 took part in an ex- 

 ploration of the islar.d of Socotra. He has sime 

 i beiu lugagcd in promoting German colonization in 



