SCUDDEE SCUL1TURE. 



455 



ated at Priuceton iu 1S11 and at the College of Physi- j 

 ciuus aud Surgeons, New York, ill 1815. After a | 

 fuw years' practice of medicine he was convinced of: 

 his duty to carry the Gospel to the heathen, and I 

 was licensed iu the Reformed (Dutch) Church iu j 

 1819. lie sailed for India and was ordained there 

 by missionaries of other denominations. At Jaff- 

 uapatam he opened a hospital and a college, which 

 were highly successful. In 1^0 he removed to 

 Madras to superintend the printing of the .Scrip- 

 tures in Tamil. In 1842 he returned to the United 

 Slates and spent three years in pressing on Ameri- 

 can churches the claims of foreign missions-. Re- 

 turning to his Inborn in the Arcot miss-ion, he 

 wroagut with such zeal that his health was injured. 

 lie was ordered by his physicians to the Cape of 

 Good Ho]>e, and died at Wynbarg, near that cape, 

 Jan. 13, 1855. His L'fe was written by J. B. Water- 

 bury, D.D. (1S70). 



His seven sous and two daughters all served as ; 

 missiouaries in India. Of them may bo noted j 

 HENRY MAKTYN SCUDDES:. who was boru at | 

 Puuditeripo, Ceylon, Fob. 5, 1822, graduated at the 

 University of the City of New York in 1840, and 

 at Union Theological Seminary in 1843. Sent out 

 by the American Board, he labored at Madras, Ar- 

 cot, Vcll.jre and other plai-es, organizing schools 

 an-l churches. He also studied and practised medi- 

 cine and established a dispensary at Arcot. He ' 

 prepared several religious work.s in the Tamil, 

 T.-li.-gu and other la ui:ui_'fs. In IM4 be returned 

 to the United States an.l became pastor of a I'resby- ' 

 tcrian Clr.irch in San Francisco, aud in 1871 removed j 

 to Brooklyn, where he was pastor of a Congrega- 

 tional Church until 1882, when he removed to Chi- 

 c i-:". After live year-.' pastorate tliere he resigned 

 to rcsums missionary work in Japan. 



SCUDDEK, SAMUEL HuimAUD, naturalist, was! 

 born at Boston, April i:>, ls>:!7. He graduated nt 

 Williams College in 18.77 and at Lawrence Scientific 

 School in 18(32. He then served as assistant to Prof. 

 Louis Auassizin the museum of comparative zoology, 

 and in 18*54 was made custodian of the Boston Sici- 

 etv of natural history, of which he had already been 

 secretary. He devoted himself chiefly to entomology, 

 and has published reports on the' insects of New 

 Hampshire and on those collected in several U. S. 

 Government surveys as well as the Canada geologi- 

 cal survey. From 1879 to 1885 he was assistant 

 librarian of Harvard University, aud in ISM; he 

 wns appointed pautologist of the U. S. Geological 

 Surveys. Among his publications arc Fuxxil < 



' 



flies (1875); Cutalof/ue rf fid. ;.f.'/i N rials "f <iU Coun- 

 tries, 1033-1870 (1879) ; Buttfrftiet (1882) ; AVmiencta- 

 I'rr Zool'igicux ( 1882) ; Winniprg Country (1880), the j 

 last being a sketch of his adventures with a solar 

 eclipse expedition in Manitoba. 



His brother, HORACE ELISHA SCTJDDER, author, 

 was bom Oct. 10, 1838. He graduated at Will- 

 iams College in 1858 and fora few years engaged in 

 teaching in New York city. His stories for chil- \ 

 dreii, Seven Little People and tlteir Frinii7.i (isd-j . 

 having proved highly successful, he removed to 

 Boston and devoted himself to literature. He edited 

 the Riverside Mayazine from 1807 to 1870, the series 

 of "American Commonwealths" and collections of i 

 American prose and poetry. Among his most sue- j 

 cessful books for children are The Jloillei/ Jtooks 

 (8 vols. 1875-87) ; Dweller* in Fire Sinters Cmirt ( 1870); j 

 C/iiWrcn's Boo*(iB&L). He contributed JVou/,, Web- 

 ster (1882) to the series of " American Men of Let- 

 ters." aud published a Uiftm-i/ of the Uniti-d Slntes 

 (1884). Among liis other works are. a biography 

 of his brother, David Coit Scuddcr (1804), who had 

 been a missionary in India. 



SCULPTURE ix AMERICA. The fr>elin<r for 

 form, as evinced in sculpture, is naturally one of 

 the- first directions iu which the art-iu: liucl of u 



natior. first finds expression. In this country the 

 opposite may almost be said to be the case. 

 America had produced a number of respectable 

 portrait and figure painters, and a few who pos- 

 sessed real genius, before the plastic art became 

 a recognized phase of our art-development. 



The art of sculpture can hardly have i-aid to have 

 existed here before the Revolution, if we except the 

 efforts of Deacon Shem Drowne, who executed some 

 quite elaborate weather-vanes, and Patieni e 

 AV RIGHT, whose clever miniature heads in reliif, 

 modeled in wax, gained her considerable repute. 



One of the first to show the latent capacity of 

 our art in this direction was William RUSH (17HO- 

 183o), an artist of undoubtedly great talent. He 

 first became known as a carver of figure-heads for 

 ships, iu which line he produced much excellent 

 work. His works are all iu wood or chiy, which 

 latter material lie began to use in 1789. Various 

 ideal figures and portrait busts of Liunreus, Wil- 

 liam Bart ram, Lafayette, and others are among 

 his works, which show much originality and 

 realistic str<n<>th. Ilis statue of Washington is in 

 Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 



Shortly alter Rush had begun work, several 

 foreign sculptors visited America. John Dixey, n 

 Irishman, who came over in 1'. 89, produced several 

 ideal works, among them Hercules and Hydra, 

 Ganymede, etc. Giuseppe Ceracchi, a Corsi. an, 

 visited Philadelphia in 1791, and executed busts of 

 Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and other pro- 

 minent Americans. Having returned to Paris, he 

 was delected in n plot against Napoleon, and was 

 guillotined in 1801. Jean Antoine Hoi.don (1740- 

 18i8) mine over iu 1785 to execute the statue of 

 Washington which now stands in the capilol at 

 Richmond. His cast of the head of Washingti n 

 has proven extremely useful to many of oui native 

 sculptors of a later date. Washington has always 

 been a popular subject with our artists, and juet :ts 

 most of the portrait-painters of his time tried to 

 obtain sittings from him, so nearly every one of our 

 fculptors of portrait-statues has, at some period 

 of his career, produced his statue of the great 

 American. 



As late as 1816, Trnnibull told Frazee, who ap- 

 plied to him for assistance in studying sculpture, 

 that it would not be wanted here for a century. 

 Yet even there were signs of the awakening of a 

 tasle and tilent for this branch of art. The 1 eforc- 

 mcnlioned John FRAZEE (1790-18501, a ftone-cut- 

 ter, produced a number of portrait busts, John 

 Wells, paid to be the first portrait in mnrble from 

 a native hand, John Marshall, Daniel Webs-tor, 

 Andrew Jackson, John Jay, and others. With al- 

 most no art-education, and but few opportunities 

 for developing his undoubted ability, he yet showed 

 in his works much feeling for the ideal and a power 

 that might have produced greater results under 

 more favorable circumstances. His contemporary, 

 Hczekiah Aroun (17!>1-18."8). is also one of those 

 artists, frequently met with in the history of this 

 country's art, who began their careers in trades 

 and occupations quite different from the art to 

 which they later devoted their lives. As one critic 

 has observed, his work is less notable for its in- 

 trinsic value than as an evidence of what may be 

 accomplished by untrained talent, with no educa- 

 tional advantages. 



The first ten or fifteen yenrs of this century wit- 

 nessed the birth of some of the most noted of our 

 earlier sculptors, among whom Powers aud Craw- 

 ford held a commanding position. 



Hiram POWERS (1805-73), born in Vermont, rarly 

 emigrated with his family to the West, settlinu' in 

 Cincinnati. After following various occupations for 

 a while, lie found opportunity first to exercise his 

 talcut kr modeling iu executing wax figures for a 



