COS SEDGWICK. 



SF.ATOX, WILLIAM WINSTON ( ITaviSOfi), jotir- : 

 lialisl, :i- Uirn in King William eo., \':i., Jan. 11, 

 He w.i- n[ Scotch dcM-i-nt. and lib mother 

 w.i :i con-in of I'.uriek Henry. J If wits educated 

 at Richmond, where In- became a printer uiiil at an 

 early aye engaged iii political journalism. He was 

 connected with :i newspaper nt I'etcr-bnrg, and 

 owned one at Halifax, N. i '. Joseph (ialrs edited 

 tbe Keijitter at Raleigh, iind Scatou joined him in 

 the work, anil altcrwards married his daughter. 

 In isiii in company with hi brother-in-law he 

 moved to Washington, where they founded the 

 .V'lft'Wrt/ Iiitfllii/fiii-ir, a journal long conspicuous 

 for it* ability, fairness and courtesy. The publish- 

 er* a Uo compiled a Ifn/ixU-rof Dibatet extending from 

 l-<Jt. lo l-:!7. and A M'IUI '.< <>j' <'<n,<ji-i*x from March 3, 

 17:i' ; to May -.'7. 1SJJ. TboM valuable works are of 

 tin: highest authority in Anierican history. Oaics 

 died in ISCni and Scaton survived him until" June Itt, j 

 ls<i<;. He was honorably connected with the growth 

 of the city of Washington, and was its mayor for 

 twelve year>, ISiO-.'il. 



SK< 'F.ssii )N. The eflort of several of the slave- 

 holdin:,' Slates of the Union to separate themselves 

 from limse that adhered to the Constitution of tbe 

 United Slates is the event to which the term seces- 

 sion h:w been applied. In ISiiO South Carolina a 

 sumed to dissolve her connection with the United 

 Slates and was followed by several of the slave- 

 ho'ding States who together formed a government 

 styled the Confederate Slates of America. This 

 movement was the natural outcome of the accept- 

 ance of the doctrine of States' Rights, that had 

 grown up subsequently lo tbe adoption of tbe Con- 

 stitution of tbe United Stales, under tbe inlluence 

 of local causes peculiar to the condition of the 

 Southern States of the Union. The nature and 

 development of this school of opinion are given un- 

 der STATKS' UICIIT& 



In South Carolina this doctrine had received an 

 interpretation that assumed for it a philosophical 

 hisi-, that bad been supplied by the abstract studies 

 of her great thinker. John C. Calhoun. Conscious 

 that the massing of political powi r> rendered possi- 

 _'ivat abuses of such power, detrimental to iudi- 

 vidu.kl liberty, and fearing the consequences of such 

 abuses, Calliouu overlooked the law of social growth j 

 tii.lt demanded the existence of highly integrated 

 p iwi-ra, even though s:ii-h condition let in the p^ssi- 

 liility of many evils, and claimed to have found the 

 line, of safety in reducing tbe streu^lh of federated 

 government^ to a poinl that would disable, them 



firum committing great imags, although the pn> 



w.i* one that equally deprived them of the capacity 

 of accomplishing any tiling notably good. His idea 

 was that tin- St. ties i,f tin. Union .-hoiiM be united 

 in a way that would make their combined action 

 depend upon diplomatic intercourse between (hem. 

 Ivprivcd of the power of actim; Independently of 

 the consent of all the States, Imxty and oppres-ive 

 aelion would l>e nvo'nled. In a community of Stales 

 thus loosely united every step in public n.Vairs would 

 !< the product of a compromise painfiillv worked 

 out of discordant elements. The aspect presented 

 hv the Slates of such a Union would !* tint of a 

 rtiain-canjjr. hobbled and crippled, incapable of in- 

 telligent action, and needing a lank-master to direct 



'pa. 



While South Carolina was the nidus of disunion 

 (be did not rLssume the leadership of the movenu nt 

 dependiiii/ on that principle until her institutions 

 and interests were touched by eontlictin^ national 

 interest". The first occasion that brought into 

 nativity tlie conscfpietiees of the theory of Slates 

 K^hts was furnished lhroui.'h sympathy with jmli'.i- 

 iiinilioiiH deriving their in-piralion from tbe 

 Jirinciplc of the opiality of m-ni in civil society. 

 Tl.c. French Revolution found a rcsnouse \r Ken- 



tucky and Virginia that produced the ccle! 



.1 ions of IT'.iS, but awakened no b, 

 mi nt in South Carolina. The reason of thi.- is 

 obvious. Tbe government of South Carolina per- 

 mitted the leiwi decree ot popular intervention in 

 public ulfaire that was reconcilable with the exis- 

 slence there of popular government, l.'ntil the 

 l the relH'llion the only olticcrs in the State 

 chosen at popular elections were tbe mi nil>ers of 

 the Legislature, and of Congress, the sberiU's, and 

 delegates to conventions. The majority of the 

 jieopk- ot that Stall w ere a caste, admitted lo no poli- 

 tical privileges and under a civil regime thai 

 separated them as to their rights and obligations 

 from the residue of her people. Under such cir- 

 cumstances active sympathy with advanced politi- 

 cal ideas was not to be expected. The phase of 

 M.tli -' Rights agitation induced by opposition to the 

 Alien and Sedition laws was characterised by the 

 presence of a democratic tcndincy hostile to ca.-le 

 and political monopoly. 



The second prent upheaval from that came source 

 was in the interest ot industries intimati iy inter- 

 woven with slavery. This was the occasion ( .f the 

 attempted nullilkalion by South Carolina of the 

 tarili' laws of the United Slates, and is treated 

 under NULLIFICATION (7. r.). 



The third and final effort commenced under the 

 leadership of South Carolina, and distinclry pro- 

 pounded the perpetuation of slavery as iis object. 

 Thus from fellowship with ihe most advanced 

 conception of the equal rights of mankind under 

 government, the States 1 Rights dopma passed into 

 sympathy with, and support ol thearistocralic regime 

 of caste, the institutional denial of all that is im- 

 plied by the term democracy, and the source of 

 oligarchic tendencies. JJotb nullification and 

 siou united in the support and perpetuation of 

 slaver)', tbe former dealing with slavery through 

 industries of which slavery was regarded as a 

 :ty, and the latter propounding distinctly the 

 perpetuation of thnt institution :is it> end. For the 

 steps that were taken by the seedling States in 

 attempting disunion and establishing a confederate 

 government, sec COM'EUCIIATU STATES ANJ> I!K- 



CONS ' Kf' TION. (A. J. \V.) 



S|-;iAI.l A, a city of Missouri, county-seal of 

 IVltJs co.. is at the intersi elion of the Mi.-souri 

 1'acitic and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Hail- 

 ro';il. IS',1 miles W. of St. Louis. It contains a, 

 court-house, 2 opera-houses, 2 national banks, a 

 savings bank, 10 churches, a high school with line 

 building, a public library, 3 daily and 4 weekly 

 newspapers. Its industrial works comprise ear- 

 works, machine-shops, woolen mills, niaiiufiic(i i> s 

 of agricultural implements, wagons, machinery, 

 soap and furniture. It was founded in l!-(iO, and 

 in 1SS(( bad a populatii... of '.l.M'.l. 



SKIK;\\I( K. CATHAHIXK M.VKIA (ITS'.i-l^iT), 

 novelist, was the daughter ol Judge Theodore 

 Sedgw ick, and wns born at Sto -kbrid^e. Alass.. 

 Pec. :!H. 17SSI. Al'ler her father's death, in l."i::, 

 she took the management of a school for youm; 

 ladies, which she conducted for fifty years. In ls - _'-J 

 she imblished .1 .V< >r Kui/ : iul 'J'uli, which had i;rown 

 under her band while she was preparing a rellcloul 

 tra<'t. Its success led to a second venture, /,'. 

 (1S-J1), which attained even greater popularity. 

 Then followed a long series of tales, letters, histori- 

 cal sketches, and a bio-jraphv of I.ucretia M. 

 J)avidson (ISil). / . i l-J7i. < 



(^890), and the /./','/..,...;.. (is:;:,,, take rank as bel- 

 li r last book was />Mirs t<i MI/ ' 



She dinl at Roxbury. Mass., July ol, 

 1S(17. The M'.iiioir was published by M. E. Dewey 

 (1871). 



SF.Ix;WirK. .I,.I;N- ilsi:; 1804), genrml, was 

 born in Corawull, Conn., Sept. 13, 1313, and 



