SHAMOKIN SHEBOYGAN. 



483 



cnr in any considerable numbers in the rivers north 

 of New York, but is rather abundant in some of the 

 southern streams. It is lean, and of little value as 

 a food-fish, being ordinarily sold at about half the 

 price of the white shad. (c. M.) 



SHAMOKIN, a borough of Pennsylvania, in 

 Northumberland Co. , ia on a branch of the Philadel- 

 phia and Reading Railroad, W. of Ashland, and on 

 a branch of the Northern Central Railroad, 19 miles 

 S. E. of Sunbury. It has a national bank, 2 other 

 banks, 12 churches, a high school, and other schools. 

 It is a mining town, being in the anthracite coal re- 

 gion. It had in 1880 a population of 8184. 



SHARON, a borough of Mercer Co , Pa., is on 

 the Shenango river, near the Ohio boundary, 21 

 miles N. W. of Newcastle and 70 miles N. N. W. of 

 Pittsburg. It is on the New York, Pennsylvania 

 and Ohio, the Erie and Pittsburg, aud the Shenango 

 Valley Railroads. It has 2 national banks, 1 other 

 bank, 14 churches, 5 schools, 1 daily and 2 weekly 

 newspapers. It is largely engaged in coal and iron 

 working, and has 3 rolling mills, steel works, chain 

 factory, boiler works, machine shops. There aro 

 also planing mills, flouring mills, and soap works. 

 It has water-works and gas-works. Natural gas is 

 largely used. Sharon was settled in 1815, and in- 

 corporated as a borough in 1843. Its propertv is 

 valued at 83,500,000 ; its public debt is 841,500, and 

 its yearly expenses are 837,000. Its population in 

 1880 was 5684. 



SHAR3WOOD, GEORGE (1810-1883), jurist, was 

 born in Philadelphia, July 7, 1810. His grand- 

 father, by whom he was brought up, owing to the 

 early death of his father, had been a captain in the 

 Revolutionary army, and was active in local politics. 

 The grandson, after graduating at the University of 

 Pennsylvania in 1828, studied law with Joseph R. 

 Ingersoll, to whom he dedicated his treatise on 

 Professional Elhics (1854). In 1837 he served in the 

 State legislature and again in 1841-42. The report 

 made by him at this time as secretary of a commit- 

 tee of stockholders to examine the affairs of the U. 



8. Bank may be found in Benton's Thirty Years' 

 View (IL, 370). His mastery of numerous branches 

 of law was well displayed in his editions of various 

 English text-books, including Blackstone's Com- 

 mentaries, and in the American Law Magazine, 

 which he conducted for three years. In 1845 he 

 was nominated by Gov. Sliunk associate judge of 

 the district court of Philadelphia, aud soon became 

 president of the court. When the judiciary was 

 made elective, in 1850, Judge Sharewood was nom- 

 inated unanimously in the conventions of five polit- 

 ical parties. After serving in the district court for 

 twenty-two years, he was in 1868 elected to the 

 State supreme court. He then resigned the pro- 

 fessorship of law in the University of Pennsylvania, 

 which he had held for eighteen years. When he 

 retired from the Supreme bench, at the close of his 

 term in 1883, he was honored with a public testi- 

 monial in which the highest tribute was paid to his 

 judicial ability. Throughout his career he had 

 maintained the Democratic view of strict construc- 

 tion of the Federal Constitution ; in particular, he 

 had denied the constitutionality of making green- 

 backs a legal tender. Besides his works already 

 mentioned, he published Lectures on Commercial 

 Law (1856) and Law Lectures (1869). His edition of 

 Blackstone's Commentaries is accepted as the standard 

 in America, and his annotations on other works were 

 repnblished in England. He died at Philadelphia, 

 May 28, 1883. 



SHAW, LEMUEL (1781-1861), jurist, was born, Jan. 



9, 1781, at Barnstable, Mass. j_ graduated at Har- 

 vard, 1800 ; served for a year as usher in the Frank- 

 lin (now Brimmer) school, Boston ; was assistant 

 editor on the Boston Gazette, and studied law under 



1 David Everett. In 1804 he was admitted to the bar, 

 ! and began practice in Boston, gradually rising to 

 j eminence. He was a member of the State legisla- 

 i ture from 1811 to 1815, and again in 1819, and of the 

 j convention for revising the laws of the State in 1820. 

 , In 1821-22 he was State senator, and also in 1828- 

 30. In 1830, though never holding any previous 

 ] judicial position, he was made chief-justice of the 

 | supreme court of Massachusetts, holding the office 

 till his resignation in 1860. Here he acquired a rep- 

 utation as a jurist second only to that of Theophilus 

 Parsons. His reported decisions are to be found in 

 the reports of Pickering, Metcalf, Cushing, and 

 Gray, constituting in all 50 volumes. He was an 

 overseer of Harvard College for 22 years, aud re- 

 ceived the honorary degree of LL. D. from it in 1831, 

 and from Brown University in 1850. Probably his 

 most important writing, apart from his decisions, is 

 the charter of the citv of Boston, draughted by him 

 in 1822. He died in Boston, March 30, 1861. " 



SHAYS, DAKIEL (1747-1825), from whom the re- 

 bellion in Massachusetts in 1786 takes its name, was 

 born at Hdpkinton in 1747. He was an ensign at 

 the battle of Bunker Hill, and afterward a captain. 

 At the close of the Revolutionary war the people of 

 western Massachusetts found themselves burdened 

 with debt and taxes, and laid the blame on the leg- 

 islature. They demanded the removal of the Gen- 

 eral Court from Boston, the reduction of salaries of 

 officials, the relief of debtors, and the issue of paper 

 money. Parties of armed men interrupted the ses- 

 sions of several county courts. Capt. Shays was 

 chosen as a leader, and in December, 1786, prevented 

 the courts from meeting at Worcester and Spring- 

 field, and then made an unsuccessful attempt to 

 capture the arsenal, Jan. 25, 1787. His men, poorly 

 chid, had already suffered severely from the intense 

 cold, and were thoroughly alarmed at the vigorous 

 measures taken against them by the State govern- 

 ment. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln surprised and dis- 

 persed them at Petersham, and Shays fled to Ver- 

 mont. He was afterward pardoned, and finally 

 even pensioned for his services in the Revolution. 

 He died at Sparta, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1825. 



SHEA, JOHN GILMARY, historian, was born in 

 New York City, July 22, 1824. Educated at tho 

 grammar school of Columbia College, he was ad- 

 mitted to the bar, but has been chiefly engaged in 

 literature. He spent six years in the Society of 

 Jesus, and devoted much attention to the history of 

 Jesuit missions in America. His publications in- 

 clude Discttvery and JSxjtloration of the Minsisxippi 

 Valley (1853) ; Catholic Missions among the Indian 

 Tribes (1854) ; Biblingraphy vf American Catholic 

 Bibles (1859) ; Early Voyages up and iloicn the Mis- 

 sissippi (1862). He edited several works relating to 

 colonial New York and to the American Indians. 

 From 1859 to 1865 ho was editor of the Historical 

 Magazine, and he has since been connected with va- 

 rious journals and monthlies. To American Cath- 

 olic literature he has been a liberal contributor of 

 translations and editions of foreign works, as well as 

 original publications. Besides correcting and edit- 

 ing English Catholic Bibles, he issued a Bible Dic- 

 tionary (1873) ; Child's History of the United States 

 (3 vols., 1872-73) ; and various school text-books. 

 He contributed to this work the article on ROMAN 

 CATHOLIC CHUBCH. 



SHEBOYGAN, a city of Wisconsin, seat of She- 

 boygan county, is on Lake Michigan at the mouth 

 of the Sheboygan river, 52 miles north of Milwaukee. 

 It is on the Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western, 

 and fhe Chicago and Northwestern Railroads. It 

 has a court-house, 2 hotels, German bank, 5 churches, 

 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers, two of which are 

 German. There are 3 foundries, 3 planing mills, 

 and factories manufacturing chairs, toys, furniture, 



