SHILOIL 



won the brevet of major-goneral. IIo took port in 

 the operations in tin- Valley of Mexico, and was 

 again hoverely wounded at Chapultcpcc. Mustered 

 out in 1S4-S, he was offered the goveraonthip of Ore- 

 gon Territory, bnt declined it ou being elected U. S. 

 Senator ham Illinois. After serving from 1H}'.' till 

 .< removed to Minnesota, and, on its being 

 constituted into a State, retained to the senate as its 

 i-.-|ii.'scntative. In 1860 he settled in California. 

 On the- outbreak of the civil war he was nominated 



brigadier-general of volunteers, and in l>i'_' i- 



niHinled at the battles of Winchester and Port Ikcpuh- 



lir, in the .Shenandoab Valley. Resigning his i- 



mission in 1863, he settled first in California, but 

 noon after at Carrollton, Mo., whore he resuuioil his 

 i. in- practice. He was also a member of the State 

 legislature in 1874 and in 1879. He died at Ot- 

 t-iniwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. 



SHI IX) H, city of Israel. See TABERNACLE. 



SHILOH, BATTLE OP. This battle was fought, 

 April 6 and 7, 1862, between the Union forces under 

 G.-n. U. S. Grant and the Confederates under Gen. 

 Albert Sidney Johnston, the object being the capt- 

 ure by the latter of Pittsbnrg Lauding, on the west 

 bank of the Tennessee river, the base of Grant's 

 contemplated operations. The battle takes its name 

 from a log meeting-house, named Shiloh, near which 

 the heaviest fighting took place. 



Ou the loss of Fort Donelson, Fob. 16, 1862 (see 

 FOKT DONELSON), Gen. Johnston determined to 

 abandon the line of the Cumberland and to con- 

 centrate his forces at Corinth, Miss., the point of in- 

 tersection of the two principal Southern railroads 

 the Memphis and Chattanooga, and the Mobile and 

 Ohio. At Murfreesboro' he made connection with 

 Gen. George B. Crittenden, who brought with him 

 the remnants of his force whieh had been defeated 

 by Gen. G. H. Thomas at Logan Cross Roads, Jan. 

 19. On the fall of Fort Henry, Johnston had as- 

 signed the district west of the Tennessee to Beauro- 

 r ir i. with instructions to concentrate all available 

 forces also at Corinth, and this general, on the fall 

 of Donelson, evacuated Columbus and constructed 

 defences at Island No. 10 of the Mississippi and at 

 Memphis, to check the advance of the Union forces 

 by way of the great river. 



Immediately on Clarksville's being evacuated by 

 the Confederates it was occupied l>y ( !.>n. Grant anil 

 Coram xlore Foote, who set about making prepara- 

 tions for an assault on Island No. ID ami Mem- 

 phis. But Grant appeared to move with less alac- 

 rity than Halleck required, and the result was an 

 cpisodo that threatened to check a brilliant career. 

 Irritated at a seeming disregard of his orders, Hal- 

 Icc.k reported to Washington that Grant had left his 

 p >st without leave, and the consequence was that he 

 WAS ordered to remain in arrest in Fort Henry and 

 give over his command to Gen. C. F. Smith. The 

 arrost lasted but a week, whereupon Grant pro- 

 1 to Savannah to resume the leadership of his 

 command, which had advanced hither under Smith 

 He found himself at the head of six divisions the 

 three he had with him at Fort Donelson, increased 

 by those of Gens. Sherman, Prentiss, and Huilbut. 

 On the 14th Smith (then in command) had sent 

 Sherman up the Tennessee to Kastport, to destroy 

 the railroad communications there, but he. finding 

 this impracticable, returned and landed at Pittshurg 

 Landing on the west bank of the river, and found 

 Mm Unit already there. This landing is 8 miles above 

 Savannah, and had been indicated by Halleck as a 

 place of rendezvous whence to make mids on the 

 railroads. Corinth lay '26 miles S. W. Grant, judg- 

 ing it unsafe that bis forces should be thus divided, 

 assembled three other divisions around the landing, 

 and stationed th sixth, that of Lew Wallace, 5 

 mile* down the river at Crump's Landing Nelson, 



with the advanced division of Buell's force, arrived 

 kt Savannah on the evening of the ."ith, Iml did nnl 

 arrive opposite the landing till the evening of tho 

 first day of battle, when it hail to be ferried over. 

 Before the battle Grant had at the landing a foroo 

 of some 33,000 men. His neglect to intrench Pitts- 

 bnrg Landing in the face of a more powerful enemy 

 has been severely criticised. 



We turn now to the proceedings of the Southern 

 commanders. The delay of four weeks, duo to the di- 

 vided ambition and hesitation of the Union generals, 

 had enabled them to revive their men's courage and 

 regather and re-enforce their dispersed armies. On 

 March 23 Johnston and Bcanrogard had clleeted a 

 junction at Corinth, and their united forces amounted 

 to over 40,000. Johnston's plan of campaign was to 

 concentrate his whole for.ce before the great bend of 

 the Tennessee, and, this effected, to crush Grant be- 

 fore the arrival of Buell. When he heard on the 3d 

 of April that Buell was in motion from Columbia, he 

 at once decided to strike the crushing blow ere tho 

 junction could be effected. The following letter to 

 Jeff. Davis, written on the 3d, explains not only his 

 motive but the disposition of his troops : " General 

 Bnellis ill motion, 30, 000 strong, rapidly from Colum- 

 bia ... to Savannah . . . Confederate forces, 

 40,000, ordered forward to offer battle near Pittsbnrg, 

 all converging to-morrow near Monterey or I'itts- 

 bnrg. Beau regard second in command ; Polk, left ; 

 llardee, centre ; Bragg, right wing ; Breckenridge, 

 reserve." The Confederate advance was carried out 

 as projected, except that the difficulties of the roads 

 caused the loss of a day. On the evening of the 5th 

 they bivouacked in the forest, in front of and within 

 two miles of their enemy. No suspicion of their prox- 

 imity dawned on the mind of any Union general. 

 General Grant himself, who was at headquarters at 

 Savannah, wrote on this same 5th to Halleck : " The 

 main force of the enemy is at Corinth." 



The Union position was strong. It had the Ten- 

 nessee on its left flank, which was further protected 

 by gun-boats. The ground was easy to defend, con- 

 sisting of undulations intersected by numerous 

 streamlets and ravines, and save for a few clearings 

 of from 20 to 80 acres covered with wood, partly 

 brush and partly forest trees. It is bounded on the 

 south by Lick Creek, which enters the Tennessee 2J 

 miles above the Landing, and on the north and 

 partly on the west by Owl Creek, an affluent of 

 Snake Creek, and then by that stream till it falls into 

 the river a half-mile above the Landing. From tho 

 .swampy nature of the banks an attack could bo 

 made only in front. The rivers and creeks enclosed 

 a high triangular plateau with sides three or four 

 miles in length. Two roads from Pittsburg to Cor- 

 inth run along the main lidge, and from those a 

 net-work of minor roads diverged to various points. 

 Two miles from the Landing, on tho western Corinth 

 road, stood Shiloh meeting-house, which marked the 

 centre of the battle-tield and was the key to Grant's 

 position. The disposition of the Union troojKi was 

 as follows : Sherman held Shiloh ; Preutiss was to his 

 left, with McClornaml to ///* light somewhat in the 

 rear. Half-wav back toward the Landing were tho 

 divisions of Hurlbut and of Smith (the lost com- 

 manded by W. II. L. Wallace, Smi'li lying sick at 

 Savannah). On the extreme left wim Stuart, u ith ono 

 brigade of Sherman's division. Gen. Lew Wallace's 

 division was at Crump's Lauding. Grant hod thus 

 33,000 men in line between Owl Creek and Lick 

 Creek. Accounts indicate somewhat of a gap bo- 

 tween Sherman's loft and Prentiss' right. 



The Confederates stood deployed for the attack 

 in three lines. The Third Corps and one of Bragg's 

 .'s formed tho alvam-ed line, reaching from 

 Sherman's right to beyond I'rentiss' left, and num- 

 bered 9024 LUCU. Bragg's icuiuiuiug five brigades. 



