SHOES SIIOSHONES. 



515 



of these were clumsy waterproof shoes itnporteil small shops sums np to a considerable amount. In 

 from Pai-a, but no shoes of any desirable value were 1880 there were 10,013 such shops, employing 22,- 

 made till after the perfec.iou of the Goodyear vul- GUT hands, and producing 30,870,127 worth of boots 

 canizing process The India-rubber shoe industry and shoes. Tiie total product of the country has 

 Las since then grown to large proportions, and, wide- ; increased from 54,000,000 in 1850' to $196,920,481 

 spread as are the uses of vulcanized rubber, the shoe j in 1880, while to this must be added a production of 



and boot manufacture forms one of the largest 

 branches of its employment. 



The manufacture of" boots and shoes is at present 

 among the most important of those industries car- 

 ried on at once in large factories and in a vast num- 

 ber of petty shops. The boot and shoe factories re- 



Heeling and Trimming Machine. 



ported in the census of 1880 numbered 1959, with a 

 product valued at 166,050,35t The material con- 

 sumed included 6,831,601 sides of sole leather, 21,- 

 H7,i;*)G sides of upper leather, and 32,960,614 

 pounds of other leather, with a total product of 

 30,599,896 pairs of boots, and 94,887,615 pairs of 

 shoes. Of the factories, Massachusetts has more 

 than half, 982, witli a total product of S95,900f,510 ; 

 New York, a product of 818,979,259 ; Pennsylvania, 

 New Hampshire, and Maine, each over 85,000,000; 

 the remaining product being divided among many 

 States. 



In addition to .the factory production, that of tho 



rubber boots and shoes to the value of $9,705,724, 

 making the complete annual product of the boot 

 and shoe industry over $'20li,0(iO.O(iO. (c. w.) 



SHOSHONES", the name of a family of Indians, 

 also known under the name of Snakes, belonging to 

 the California group, and inhabiting a wide range of 

 country, which extends from Idaho into Utnh, and 

 from the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada. 

 As at present known, they are divided into the Sho- 

 shones proper and the Uies or Uiahs, but se< m 

 connected linguistically wiih the Comanches, tl.o 

 Moquis, and several tribes of California. Their lan- 

 guage, indeed, is the type of a fs.mily of Indian lan- 

 guages which seems at one time to have been widely 

 extended. When lirst sren, by Lewis and Clark, in 

 IbOo, they were west of the Rocky Mountains, but 

 Lad traditions pointing to tne east and sonih 

 as'an earlier habitat, tiny having apparently 

 been driven over the mountains by hostile 

 tribes. 



The fihoshones proper include the Ban- 

 racks (though seme class this as a sepaiale 

 tribe) and several independent lands wl ich 

 Lear special names. Most important of the^H 

 ore the Koolsati-Kaia or Bnfl'nlo Eaters, of 

 Wind river; the Tookaiikn, Mountain Sheep 

 Eaters, of Salmon and Snake rivers; and tLe 

 Shoshocop, W hite Knives or Diggers, of the 

 Great Salt Lake basin. Some of these bands 

 are fierce and warlike, others mild and inof- 

 fensive. They became hostile to the whites 

 about 1849, and continued so, at intervals, 

 till 1803, some of the bands suffering se- 

 verely in consequence. The Diggers of Salt 

 Lake were nearly exterminated by California 

 volunteers in 1862. Peace was made wi*h 

 most of the bands in 1863, and with others in 

 1864 and 1865, but the government failed to 

 properly observe its treaty stipulations, and 

 n-any of the bands resumed hostilities. In 

 1867 Gen. Steele conducted a campaign 

 against the Shoshones, killing a number of 

 them and destroying their large stores of pro- 

 visions. Since "that date they Lave been 

 peaceful. 



The government set aside reservations on 

 which it sought to gather the scattered bands 

 of the tribe, there being three of these reser- 

 vations, the Fort Hall, established in Idaho in 

 1867 for the Bannacks, and several bands of 

 the Shoshones ; the Shoshone, established in 

 Wyoming in 1868; and the Lemlie agency in 

 Idaho. The first contains about 1530, the 

 second something over 870, and the third 

 has about 600 Indians. In addition, there 

 are Shoshones in Nevada and Utah estimat- 

 ed at 1000, and a band of 400 in northwest 

 Idaho. 



The Shoshones of the several bands differ widely 

 in character of food and modes of life. Most of 

 those of the south live on roots and small animals. 

 In the north they live largely on the fish of Sho- 

 shone river, and on large game taken by hunting, in 

 which they ai-e skilful. They are fond of barter and 

 personal adornment, and of games of chance, dress 

 in buffalo and deer skins, and live in skin tents. 

 Among their customs is that of burning or burying 

 with the dead his property, the wife or horse being 

 formerly killed over the corpse. On the reservation 

 Episcopalians, Catholics, and other denominations 

 are making efforts to convert and educate theso 



