SICKLES SIGEL. 



617 



SICKLES, DANIEL EDGAH, general, was born in 

 New York City, 1823. He attended the university 

 there, but left it to learn the printer's trade. After I 

 pin-suing this for some years, he studied law, and in 

 1-*41 began practice in his native city. In 1847 he 

 entered the Legislature ami became a leader of the ; 

 l>emocrats, and in 1853 accompanied James Bu- j 

 chanau to London as secretary of legation. On his 

 return, in 1855, he was elected to the State senate, ! 

 and next year, to Congress, where he served two j 

 terms. In 1859, discovering a guilty connection be- j 

 tween his wife and P. B. Key, U. S. attorney for the 

 District of Columbia, he shot the latter dead on 

 the street in Washington, Feb. 27, 1859, for which 

 he was tried for murder, but, after a trial of twenty 

 days, acquitted. On the outbreak of the civil war 

 he raised in New York City the Excelsior brigade, of 

 live regiments, of one of which he was commissioned 

 colonel, and iu September he was made brigadier- 

 getieral of volunteers, in which capacity he served 

 under General Joseph Hooker, distinguishing him- 

 self at Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and Malveru Hill. 

 His brigade served also in the Maryland campaign, 

 and bore a conspicuous part at Antietam. He was 

 appointed to succeed General Hooker in command 

 of the division, and fought bravely at Fredericks- 

 burg. When the Army of the Potomac was re- 

 organized, in 18G3, he was appointed major-general 

 and assigned to the command of the Third corps, dis- 

 tinguishing himself again at Chancellorsville. His 

 command fought desperately at Gettysburg in de- 

 fence of its position between Cemetery Hill and 

 Little Round Top, but was forced to yield to supe- 

 rior numbers, and here General Sickles lost a leg. 

 Nevertheless, he continued in active service till 

 rarly in 1805, when ha was sent on a mission to 

 Colombia. In I860 he joined the regular army as 

 oolonel and next year was brevetted brigadier-general 

 f >r gallantry at Fredericksburg, and major-general I 

 for meritorious conduct at Gettysburg. In 1865-67 

 lie commanded the military district of the Carolina*, 

 where he carried out the work of reconstruction with 

 such vigor that Pres. Johnson relieved him of his 

 command. In April, 1869, he was placed on the re- 

 tired list of the U.H. Army with the full rank of 

 major-general. In May of the same year ho was ap- 

 pointed minister to Spain, which post he resigned 

 in 1873, when he resumed his residence iu New York 

 City. There he holds the positions of president of 

 th'! S'ata board of civil service commissioners, and 

 of the board for the erection of New York monu- 

 ments at Gettysburg. 



SIDGWICK, HENRY, an English philosopher, was 

 l>orn at Skipton, Yorkshire, in 1838. He was edu- 

 cated at Rugby and at Trinity College, Cambridge. 

 He was fellow of the latter from 1859 to 1869, and 

 in 1881 was elected an honorary fellow of the same. 

 He was lecturer at this college from 1859 to 1875, 

 and was then appointed prwlector of moral and po- 

 litical philosophy. He has beon prominently con- 

 nected with the promotion of higher education of 

 women at Cambridge, and especially in the founda- 

 tion and management of Newnham College. He has 

 contributed to the ENCYCLOPAEDIA BWTANSICA, and 

 to .various reviews on philosophical subjects. He 

 has published The Methods of Ethics, Principle* of 

 J'riliti' nl Rnnomy. 



SIEMENS, EHNST WERNER, a German electrician, 

 was born at Leuthe, near Hanover, December 13, 

 1816. He entered the gymnasium of Lubeck, and 

 afterward the School of Artillery and Engineering of 

 Berlin, becoming an artillery officer in the Prussian 

 army in 1838. He afterward engaged ardently in 

 the study of chemistry and electro-metallurgy, and 

 in 1M41 took out a patent for electro-plating and 

 gilding. In 1841 he was placed in charge of the 

 g j .'oi-uiaout artillery works at Berlin. He also de- 



voted himself to the perfecting of electro-telegraphy, 

 and in 1848 laid at Kiel the first wires for the ex- 

 plosion of submarine mines by electricity. In 1849 

 he left the army, and formed in Berlin the tele- 



fraph-building establishment of Siemens & Halske. 

 his establishment has built the principal telegraph 

 lines of Russia, Spain, Brazil, North Germany, and 

 elsewhere. Siemens has been an active inventor, 

 and has greatly advanced the science of telegraphy 

 by his achievements in this direction. Among the 

 most important of his inventions are a method of 

 determining the position of injuries in subterranean 

 and submarine cables, a method of examining in- 

 sulated wires, and a method of charging under- 

 ground and submarine cables by which the disturb- 

 ing effects of induction may be reduced. In addi- 

 tion to these he has taken part with his brother, Sir 

 Charles William Siemens (for whom see the EN- 

 CYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA) in many of his important 

 inventions, among them an improved steam-governor, 

 an air-pump, a water-meter, a regenerative steam- 

 engine, and a regenerative gas-furnace, the latter 

 being an invention of the utmost value in metallurgy, 

 He also joined with his brother in building the 

 Indo-European telegraph in 1868-69. 



SIEMERING, RUDOLF, German sculptor, was born 

 at Kiinigsberg in 1835, and was educated at the 

 academy there. Removing to the neighborhood of 

 Berlin, he became a competitor in designs for monu- 

 ments to Schiller and to Goethe. Though unsuc- 

 cessful, his designs drew attention to his merits. 

 He completed a memorial of Albert the Great, and, 

 later, a sitting figure of King William I. for the Ber- 

 lin Exchange. The statue of Germany which was 

 erected at Berlin to commemorate the mustering of 

 troops there received some touches from his hand. 

 His greatest work is the Luther-Memorial, which 

 was unveiled on the 400th anniversary of the Re- 

 former's birth, Nov. 10, 1883, at Eisleben. The. 

 statue represents Lnther in the act of burning the 

 Pope's bull. Four bronze reliefs exhibit other 

 incidents from the life of the Reformer. In 1877 

 Siemering had erected at Marienburg a statue of 

 Frederick the Great. He has also undertaken a 

 memorial for the siege of Leipsic. His works are 

 noted for their realistic truth. He especially excels 

 in relief work. 



SIGEL, FRANZ, a general of the American civil 

 war, was born at Sinsheim, Baden, Nov. 18, 1824. 

 He graduated at the military school of Carlsruhe, 

 and served as an officer in the army of the Grand 

 Duke of Baden, attaining the rank of adjutant in 



1847. When the revolutionary movement of 1848 

 broke out, he resigned from the army and joined 

 the insurgent forces, being appointed minister of 

 war by the revolutionary authorities on June 1, 



1848. He took part in the unsuccessful campaign 

 against the Prussians, and after the defeat of Mi- 

 eroslawski Sigel skilfully led buck the beaten and 

 dispirited force and placed it safely in the fortress 

 of Rastadt. On the dissolution of the provisional 

 government he withdrew to Switzerland, but was 

 not permitted to remain there by the Swiss govern- 

 ment, and sailed for the United States, reaching 

 New York in 1850. Here he taught mathematics for 

 some years in the academy of Dr. Rudolph Dulon, 

 whose* daughter he afterward married, interested 

 himself in military matters, and became major of the 

 Fifth regiment, N. Y. militia. In 1858 he removed to 

 St. Louis, became a teacher in the college of that 

 city, and on the outbreak of the civil war received a 

 commission as oolonel of the Third Missouri volun- 

 teers, stationed at Camp Jackson. 



The campaign in Missouri began with the active 

 movements of General Lyon, who broke up the 

 camp at Jackson, took possession of the United 

 States arsenal at St. Louis, and defeated Colonel 



