SIMPSON SIOUX. 



523 



minister a public rebuke to Simon. The latter there- 

 fore resigned, May 16, 1877. In the following Sep- 

 tember, after the death of his friend Thiers, Simon 

 pronounced his eulogy. The reactionary MacMahon 

 resigned and the true Republican Grevy succeeded 

 to the presidency. Simon was selected to lead the 

 movement for the transfer of the seat of legislation 

 from Versailles to Paris. Still a firm but moderate 

 Republican, his prudent conservatism brought him 

 iuto conflict with the progressive Radicals. He re- 

 sisted the effort to exclude the religious orders from 

 the work of education, and to banish the non-au- 

 thorized bodies from France. He also resisted the 

 movement for complete amnesty to the Communists 

 of 1871. The Academy chose Simon in 1880 a mern- 

 b-jr of the supreme educational council. In 1882 he 

 was made permanent secretary of the academy of 

 moral and political science. 



Simon's philosophic works and his earlier po- 

 litical and economic writings have already been 

 mentioned. After the establishment of the Repub- 

 lic he published some treatises on education and 

 historical memoirs. These comprise Souvenirs du 

 4 Stptembre (2 vols., 1874), relating to the downfall 

 of the Empire and the government of the National 

 Defence ; and Le Gouvernemsnt de ^f. Thiers (2 vols., 

 1878). Besides a manual of civics for schools, /> Li- 

 vre du Petit Citoyen (1880), he published Dieu, Pntrie 

 et Liberte (1883), in which he set forth, with charac- 

 teristic eloquence, the great moral ideas which have 

 ruled his life. 



SIMP.SO.V, MATTHEW (1810-1884), a bishop of the 

 Methodist Episcopal Church, was born at Cadiz, 

 Ohio, June 21, 1810. After graduating at Madison 

 College, Hamilton, N. Y., he taught there for a time. 

 In 1837 he was called to be professor of natural 

 science in Allegheny College, and in 1839, after he 

 li id entered the ministry, he was made president of 

 A<lmry University, Indiana. As a delegate to the 

 General Conference of 1841 he took part in the contro- 

 versy on slave-holding which divided the Methodist 

 Church. At the Conference of 1848 he was made 

 editor of the Western Christian Advocate, and at the 

 next Conference, in 1852, was chosen bishop. His 

 residence was fixed at Philadelphia, but he spent 

 much time in foreign journeys, one of which ex- 

 tended around the world. His visit to the British 

 \Vesleyan Conference in 1863 gave him an opportu- 

 nity to plead effectually abroad the cause of the U. 

 8. government in regard to the civil war, as he had 

 alri-:idy done at home. In this cause his oratorical 

 abilities received wide recognition, yet he never 

 neglected his work as bishop and preacher of the 

 Gjsi>el. President Lincoln treated him with marked 

 cordi.ility, and the Christian Commission had in him 

 a wann advocate. In 1881 he was one of the leaders 

 in the Methodist (Ecumenical Conference at Lon- 

 don. He died at Philadelphia, June 17, 1884. He 

 published a Hundred Yenrs of Methodism (1881), 

 L'-titre* on Preaching (1883), and a Cyclopedia of 

 tlnlhodam, 



SIMS, JAMKS MATUON (1813-1883), physician, was 

 born in Lancaster district, S. C., Jan. 25, 1813. He 

 graduated at South Carolina College in 1832, studied 

 infdicine in Charleston and Philadelphia, and began 

 practice at Montgomery, Ala. Having made a spe- 

 cialty of diseases of women, he established a private 

 hospital for the purpose, which proved eminently 

 successful. In 1853 he removed to New York City, 

 where he urged the necessity of such a hospital, and 

 had the satisfaction of seeing it opened in 1855. Dr. 

 Sims had already invented the vaginal speculum and 

 made improvements in surgery which gave him in- 

 ternational fame. On his first visit to Europe, in 

 1857, his proftMttional brethren showed their respect 

 by asking him to perform important surgical opera- 

 tions. For some years he resided iu Paris, and in 



the War of 1870, he organized an ambulance corps. 

 He returned to New York soon afterward, and died 

 there Nov. 13, 1883. His publications were chiefly 

 professional, and after his death a volume called The 

 Strny of My Life appeared, edited by his son (1884). 

 SIOUX, the principal tribe of the Dakota family 

 of Indians, were called by Father Hennepin (1680), 

 Nadouwessians, and by Captain Carver (1766), Na- 

 douessioux. This was the name given to them by 

 the Algonqnins, and meant "enemies." Their own 

 name, Dakota, meant "confederates." For their 

 general character and customs, see DAKOTA INDIANS. 

 In 1815 the U. S. government first negotiated with 

 them, making three treaties with three separate bands. 

 In 1825 four treaties were made. The Ojibwnys, or 

 Chippewas, were then steadily forcing the Sioux 

 southward and westward. In 1830 the latter made 

 to the U. S. government their first cession of lands, 

 between the Mississippi and DCS Moines Rivers, and 

 were to receive certain annuities, to be divided be- 

 tween the different bands. Soon after this the artist 

 Catlin visited them, and painted portraits of their 

 chiefs. He speaks of them in terms of high praise. 

 In 1837 thirty Sioux chiefs visited Washington and 

 ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi for the 

 sum of $300,000, the interest of which was to be paid 

 annually, while other sums were devoted to paying 

 the debts of the tribe and giving them an outfit for 

 civilized life. The effort to turn the Sioux from 

 hunters into farmers was not successful, probably 

 owing to the agents employed as well as the character 

 of the Indians themselves. They were demoralized 

 by the introduction of whiskey, and were constantly 

 attacked by other tribes. In 1849 a new cession of 

 their lands in Minnesota, west of the Mississippi, was 

 made. At this time arrears of interest due them by 

 treaty amounted to $50,000. The half-breeds made 

 efforts to have assignments of land made to them in 

 severally and in fee-simple, but the government re- 

 fused. Treaties, however, were made in 1851 by 

 which many millions of acres forming " the garden- 

 spot of the Mississippi Valley " were relinquished for 

 a few cents per acre. The largest part of the price 

 was to be held in trust, and the interest paid to the 

 Indians for fifty years. Governor Ramsey, of Min- 

 nesota, estimated the actual cost to the government 

 to be 8575,000. The four great bands of the Sioux, 

 then numbering about 8,000, were to be brought to- 

 gether on one reservation, and a brilliant future was 

 promised them. They had already made some prog- 

 ress in agriculture and education. It soon appeared 

 that the government intended to remove them to 

 other places at the end of five years, and hence their 

 disposition to improve the land of the reservation 

 was checked. In 1854, however, this impediment 

 was removed and they were assured of a permanent 

 home. In 1857 serious trouble was threatened and 

 with difficulty avoided. Some Sioux who had been 

 driven out of the tribe long before got into a quar- 

 rel with a few whites, attacked a settlement, and 

 killed the inhabitants. The great body of the tribe, 

 though discontented on account of the non-payment 

 of the annuities, and regarded with suspicion and 

 hatred by the whites, pursued and killed or captured 

 the offenders. The excitement passed away, and 

 soon most favorable reports were received of tho 

 progress made by the Sioux iu learning civilized 

 ways. But their annuities were still delayed until 

 in August, 1862, some desperate, famishing men 

 broke into a government warehouse. In a few days 

 their numbers increased, and they began to massacre 

 white settlei-s. Friendly Indians were threatened 

 with death if they did not join the savages. Never- 

 theless, many of them rescued white families, and 

 gave shelter to women and children. The hostile 

 biinds roamed over the country and compelled the 

 abandonment of a district 200 miles long and 50 



