SLOCUM-SMALL-POX. 



531 



to 1814. He next commanded the Pacific squadron, 

 and on the outbreak of the Mexican war occupied 

 Monterey, and secured San Francisco and other 

 places on the California!! coast. In 18-47 he returned 

 to the Norfolk navy-yard, where he was in command 

 till 1851, when he went to Hoboken to superintend 

 the construction of the Stevens battery (see STEVENS, 

 JOHN). On July 16, 1862, he was made commodore 

 (retired list), and rear-admiral July 25, 1866. He 

 died at New Brighton, Stateu Island, Nov. 28, 1867. 



SLOCUM, HENBY WARNER, general, was born in 

 September, 1827, in Delphi, Onondaga Co., N. Y. 

 On his graduation from West Point, in 1852, he was 

 appointed 2d lieutenant in the 1st artillery, and pro- 

 moted to 1st lieutenant in 1855. Next year he re- 

 signed his commission and engaged in the practice 

 of law nt Syracuse, and in 1860 was elected to the 

 legislature. On the outbreak of the civil war he 

 volunteered his services, and in May, 1861, received 

 liis commission as colonel of the 27th N. Y. volun- 

 teers, which regiment he commanded at Bull Run, 

 where he received a severe wound. Commissioned 

 in August, as brigadier-general of volunteers, he 

 was assigned to tlie command of a brigade in Frank- 

 lin's division of the Army of the Potomac, and took 

 part in MeClellan's Peninsular campaign of 18(52. 

 On Franklin's assignment to the 6th corps in May, 

 Slocum succeeded to the command of his division, 

 and, being sent to re-enforce Gen. Fitz-Jolm Por- 

 ter on the east of the Chickahominy, rendered signal 

 service at the battle of Gaines' Mill, June 27, 1862, 

 as also at Glendale and Malvern Hill, in both of 

 which engagements his division occupied the right 

 of the main line. Promoted, in July, to major- 

 general of volunteers, he took part in the second 

 Bull Bun light, as also in the battles of South Moun- 

 tain and Antietam, in the Maryland campaign, and in 

 October was appointed to the command of the 12th 

 Aniiy corps. In this position ho fought bravely at 

 Fredericksburg, Cliaucellorsville, and Gettysburg, 

 commanding, in the last of these battles, the right 

 wing of the Union Army, and contributing in no 

 Binall degree to the victory. His corps was thereaf- 

 ter transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, in 

 which it served till April, 1864, when, on its being 

 consolidated with the llth, Gen. Slocnm was as- 

 si^ii'nl to a division and the command of the district 

 of Vicksbarg. Having, in August, succeeded to the 

 command of the 20th corps, he was the first to occupy 

 Atlanta, G:v , on Sept. 2d, in Sherman's march to the 

 sea. In this grand progress, as well as in the march 

 through the Carolinas, he commanded the left wing 

 and took part in such actions as occurred up till 

 Joseph E. Johnston's surrender at Durham 

 Station. 



In September, 1865, Gen. Slocum. for a second 

 time, resigned from the army and again betook hitn- 

 Hi-lf to the practice of law in Brooklyn, and was in 

 the same year democratic candidate for the State of 

 New York, but was defeated. In 1866 he was offered 

 a commission as colonel in the regular army, but 

 declined it. In 1868 he was presidential elector, and 

 also in this year was sent to Congress, to which he 

 was re-elected in 1870, and again in 1884. In Brook- 

 lyn he has held several prominent offices, having 

 been president of the board of city works, and one 

 of the commissioners of the Brooklyn bridge. 



SMALL-POX (I'triol,,): Cow-pox (Vaccinia). 

 Records of a disease identified as small-pox date 

 before 1100 u. n. in China. Its progress westward 

 was slow, for its first authentic appearance in Europe 

 was in the sixth century A. D. It is known that 

 the domestic animals, horned cattle, horses and 

 sheep, are in some degree liable, each having a form 

 of the disease varying from that of mankind and of 

 every otht-r. Monkeys are also somewhat suscepti- 

 ble. Small-pox is highly contagious through the 



atmosphere and by inoculation, and transportable in 

 fomites. The dark races of mankind are affected 

 with greatest severity. 



The period of incubation is about twelve days. 

 Its access is rather abrupt, a brief rigor being fol- 

 i lowed by a high fever, severe pain in head, back, and 

 \ extremities, vomiting and constipation sometimes 

 | delirium and convulsions. On the third day a mot- 

 ! tled-red eruption appears, more abundantly upon 

 j the face and hands than the covered parts of the 

 i body, and extending also to the mouth, pharynx 

 i and larynx. The eruption is at first papular, feeling 

 | like small shot embedded in the skin, gradually be- 

 comes vesicular with a central depression, which 

 j about the eighth day fills up, and the pock matures 

 as a pustule. The fever declines on appearance of 

 I the rash, but reappears in the pustular stage, always 

 in proportion to the irritation produced by the ma- 

 turing pustules. The eruption is known as disct-eti 

 when the pustules are distinct from each other, and 

 confluent when they coalesce, and is often confluent 

 on the face and hands and discrete on the body. The 

 gravity of the case is according to the extent of the 

 eruption. Scabs form on the discharged pustules, 

 which leave, on falling, permanent depressions in 

 the true skin. The duration of a natural case of 

 discrete small-pox, from the initial rigor to the end 

 of desquamation, is about four weeks ; but the con- 

 fluent form, in case of recovery, lasts longer and 

 convalescence is tedious. The hemorrhagic form of 

 small-pox is characterized by on eruption resembling 

 at first that of measles or scarlatina, soon developing 

 into small blisters filled with blood. Hemorrhages 

 take place from various mucous surfaces. The tem- 

 perature is lower than in other forms. The end is 

 always fatal, and is reached from the fourth to the 

 sixth day. 



The most remarkable feature of small-pox is con- 

 trol over its severity by artificial production of a 

 mitigated form. This was practised in Eastern 

 countries from on unknown period, by inoculating 

 the virus of human variola. On the second day a 

 pimple appears which becomes vesicular on the 

 fourth and pustular in three or four more. On the 

 eleventh day a general eruption appears, but this is 

 discrete, and recovery is almost uniform. Such a 

 case is just as liable, however, to become a focus of 

 infection as one of natural small-pox. Inoculation 

 was introduced into England early in the 18th cen- 

 tury, and was extensively practised in Europe and 

 America until it was superseded by vaccination 

 about the beginning of the present century. 



A variolous disease prevailed extensively among 

 horned cattle in Europe before the middle of last 

 century, and it was known among fanners that 

 milkers of variolous cows sometimes had pustules 

 on the hands and were thenceforward insusceptible 

 to small-pox. Artificial production of vaccine vari- 

 ola was proposed as a prophylactic against natural 

 small-pox by Dr. Edward Jenner in 1798, who lived 

 to witness its triumph over neglect, ridicule, and 

 powerful opposition. The advantages over small- 

 pox inoculation are its greater mildness and the 

 avoidance of atmospheric infection. The vaccinated 

 spot passes through the usual stages of the vario- 

 lous eruption, and the scab falls from the fifteenth to 

 the twenty-first day, leaving a peculiarly dotted 

 scar. During the pustular stage there is a moder- 

 ate fever, and the axillary glands are sometimes en- 

 larged. As secondary attacks of small-pox occasion- 

 ally take place, so many persons are susceptible to 

 repeated vaccination after the lapse of years ; and so, 

 likewise, the protection against small-pox is often 

 lost by neglect of vaccination. (See VACCINATION.) 



The control of small-pox by vaccination is shown 

 bv the fact that this disease caused 96 deaths in 1000 

 in England from 1750 to 1800 ; from 1800 to 1850 



