SMITH- SMITH. 



533 



next conducted the new movement up tbe Tennessee 

 Kiver, and, arriving at Savannah with a considerable 

 fleet in March, 1862, took command of the city and 

 made ready the advance on Shiloh. On March 21 

 he was promoted major-general of volunteers, but 

 chronic disease, contracted in Mexico, was so aggra- 

 vated by the exposure to which he had been sub- 

 jected that he died on April 25, 1862, at Savannah. 



SMITH, EDMCJJD KIKBY, Confederate general, was 

 born, May, 1824, in St. Augustine, Florida. On his 

 graduation from West Point, in 1845, he was ap- 

 pointed 2.1 lieutenant of infantry, and in the Mexican 

 war for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Contreras was 

 twica brevetted. From 1849 to 1852 he acted as as- 

 sistant professor of mathematics at West Point. In 

 1853 he was appointed captain in the 2d cavalry, 

 aud served with distinction on the frontier, being 

 wounded in May, 1859, in an engagement with the 

 C >m;t!icli6 Indians, for his services against whom he 

 received the thanks of the legislature of Texas in 

 !< 11. In January, 18'il, he was promoted major, but 

 0:1 the secession of his native State in May of this 

 year, he resigned his commission, aud was appointed 

 lieutenant-colonel in the cavalry corps of the Confed- 

 erate army. His subsequent promotion was rapid. 

 O i June 17 he was made brigadier-general ; on Oct. 

 11, major-general; on Oct. 9, 1862, lieutenant- gen- 

 eral ; and on Feb. 19, 1864, full general. He was 

 present at the first battle of Bull Run, and was se- 

 verely wounded early in the engagement In 1862 

 lie was assigned to the command of the Department 

 of East Tennessee, Kentucky, North Georgia, and 

 Western North Carolina. In the Kentucky campaign 

 he led the advance of General Bragg's army, and, 

 Aug. 30, 1862, defeated the Union forces under Gen. 

 W. Nelson, at Richmond, Ky. Having been as- 

 signed in February, 1863, to tho Trans-Mississippi 

 Department (comprising Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, 

 and Indian Territory) he, in accordance with his in- 

 structions, organized a government them, making 

 his communications with Richmond by running the 

 blockade at Galveston and Wilmington, N. C. By 

 a similar process of blockade-running he shipped 

 large quantities of cotton to Europe, receiving back 

 machinery, by the aid of which he was successful in 

 establishing factories and furnaces, in opening mines, 

 and in manufacturing powder and castings, so that 

 by the time the war clo.ted he had made his depart- 

 ment self-supporting, his forces being the last to 

 surrender. In 1864 he was largely instrumental in 

 baffling Geu. Nathaniel P. Banks in his Red River 

 campaign. Since the war Gen. Smith has been 

 president of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Com- 

 pany, chancellor of the University of Nashville, and, 

 since 1875, professor of mathematics in the University 

 of the South, Sewanee, Tenn., which last position 

 he continues to hold. 



SMITH, EM (1801-1857), missionary, was born 

 at Northfield, Conn., Sept. 15, 1801. He graduated 

 at Yale College in 1821 and at Andover Seminary in 

 1826. He was immediately sent by the American 

 Board as a missionary to Malta, but soon removed to 

 Beyrout, Syria, which was the chief scene of his 

 labors. His visit to the Nestorians of Persia in 1830 

 is related in his Mixsionnri/ Re.xi>.nrclie* in Armenia 

 (1833). In 1838 and again in 1852 he was the com- 

 panion of Rev. Edward Robinson (for whom, see 

 ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITAJJNICA) in his journeys in Bible 

 lands. The fliblical Rexearchf.it which have estab- 

 lished the fame of Robinson owe much of their ac- 

 curacy to Dr. Smith's help. As a proper foundation 

 for missionary work Dr. Smith exerted himself to 

 establish at Beyront an Arabic press, and for it he 

 had cast at Leipsic, under his own supervision, an 

 improved font of Arabic type. His great work of 

 translating the Bible into modem Arabic was com- 

 menced in 1847, and within the remaining ten years 



of his life he had completed the New Testament and 

 the gi-eater part of the Old. He died at Beyrout, 

 Jan. 11, 1857. The Arabic translation of the 'Bible 

 \vas finished by Rev. Dr. C. C. Van Dyke. 



SMITH, ERASMUS PBSHINE (1814-1882), jurist, was 

 born in New York City, March 2, 1814, but at an 

 , early age was taken to Rochester. He graduated at 

 Columbia College in 1832, and at the Harvard Law 

 School a year later. He entered on practice at Ro- 

 chester, but was also engaged in journalism until 1850, 

 when he was appointed professor of mathema f ics in 

 the University of Rochester. In 1852 he wus made 

 State superintendent of public instruction, and in 

 1857 reporter of the Sfate court of appeals. In 18(54 

 he was called to Washington to be U. S. commission- 

 er of immigration, but soon was appointed examiner 

 of claims in the Department of State. In 1871 Sec- 

 retary Hamilton Fish, having been asked by the 

 Mikado of Japau for an adviser in international law, 

 selected Prof. Smith. The latter spent five years in 

 Japan in preparing treaties and directing the foreign 

 relations of that empire. During this time a Peru- 

 . vian ship with a cargo of 230 Chinese coolies was 

 ! wrecked on the coast of Japan, and that government, 

 : by the advice of Prof. Smith, detained them until 

 the question of their destination was settled by the 

 [ arbitration of the Russian government. The coolies 

 by its decision were sent back to China, and this 

 affair broke up the coolie trade. Prof. Smith re- 

 | turned to Rochester in 1876 and died there, Oct. 21, 

 j 1882. His chief publication was a Manual <f Politi- 

 i cat Economy (1853), in which he advocates protection. 

 SMITH, GEBJUT (1797-1874), philanthropist, wus 

 born at Utica, N. Y., March 6, 17U7. His father, 

 Peter Smith, had been associated with John Jacob 

 Astor in the fur trade, and had purchased vast tracts 

 of land in northern New York. Gen-it, after gradn- 

 j ating at Madison College in 1818, settled at Peterboro, 

 and devoted himself to the management of his estate. 

 \ In 1825 he joined the American Colonization Society 

 and contributed liberally to its funds until he be- 

 I came convinced of its inefficiency as an aid to the 

 colored people. In 1835 he turned to the Anti- 

 Slavery Society and became prominent in its work. 

 He gave away to actual settlers, whether white or 

 black, small farms from his estate, and thus gathered 

 | around him a thriftless lot. In 1852 he was elected 

 j to Congress, but served only one session. To every 

 assault on the slavery system he was a willing con- 

 tributor, and hence gave aid to the Free Soil settlers 

 in Kansas and to John Brown's project in Virginia in 

 18,")9. The war for the Union enlisted his sympathies 

 and active support, but at its close he was in favor 

 of universal amnesty. Originally trained in orthodox 

 belief, he became a Universalist and extreme rational- 

 ist. He wrote and spoke against revealed religion, 

 yet in the church he had built at Peterboro he fre- 

 quently preached. He died at New York Citv, Dec. 

 28, 1874. 



SMITH, GOUDWTN, an English historical and polit- 

 ical writer, was born at Reading, Berkshire, Aug. 

 13, 1823. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen 

 College, Oxford, graduating with high honor in 1845. 

 He was chosen fellow and tutor of University College, 

 and in 1847 was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. 

 In 1850, and again in 1854, he was secretary of a 

 Royal commission of University reform, and from 

 185"8 to 1866 he was a member of the Education 

 commission, whose labors resulted in the Education 

 bill of 1870. He was also appointed wgius professor 

 of modern history at Oxford in 1859, and held this 

 position till 1866. He had always been an advanced 

 Liberal in politics, and during the American civil 

 war was conspicuous for his defence of the Union. 

 i Among his publications of this time are The Fowula- 

 \ linn of the American Colonies (1861) ; Tltt Morality of 

 , the Emancipation Proclamation (1863). In 1864 he 



