531 



SMITH- SMITH. 



visited tlio Northern States on * lecturing tour, and 

 on bis return published /.'..//im/nW America (1865) 



r,l H'ur IH America (1866). He was called in 

 1868 to Cornell University to bo professor of English 

 history, bat ia 1871 be settled at Toronto, Canada, 

 where be became a member of the senate of the uni- 

 versity. He edited the Ciniiilinii Monthly until 1874. 

 and then became editor of the Jtyxtunder, a political 

 weekly. After this was discontinued he was <><litor 

 of Tii'e Week, but in 1887 he finally separated from 

 it. In that year he returned to England, where he 

 1ms continued his literary activity, discussing public 



ms affecting England, Ireland, Canada, and 

 trie United States. Besides his works already men- 

 tioned he has published Irish Hist'in/ and Irish 

 Character (1861) ; Three English Statesmen, sketches 

 of Pym, Cromwell, and Pitt (1867), Short History of 

 A'..|'//'i'/(l8G;>) ; William diaper in the English Men 

 i/ Letter* (1880) ; Conduct of England to Ireland 

 (1882). 



SMITH, HEXRY BOYNTON (1815-1877), Presbyterian 

 theologian, was born at Portland, Maine, Nov. 21, 

 1815. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1834, 

 and studied theology at Andnver and Bangor. After 

 some time spent in study nt the Universities of Halle 

 and Berlin, he was in 1841 acting president of Bow- 

 il 'in. In 1SU he became pastor of the Congrega- 

 tional Church at West Amesbury, Mass., and in 

 1847 he was made professor of moral and mental 

 philosophy in Amherst College. In 1850 he was 

 called to the professorship of church history in 

 Union Theological Seminary, New York, and in'l854 

 he became professor of systematic theology. After 

 holding this position twenty years he resigned on 

 account of ill-health, and died," Feb. 7, 1877. He was 

 a promoter of the Evangelical Alliance and of the re- 

 union of the Presbyterian Churches. He had be- 

 longed to the New School branch, and as moderator 

 of its General Assembly in 18G3 ho welcomed the 

 first delegation from tho Old School body. He was 

 one of the editors of the New York Eeani/itlixt and of 

 the American Theological Jievieie, which afterward 

 became the Pwxhyterian Rutieie. He translated and 

 edited Gieseler's Church Histnry and Hagenbach's 

 Hittary of Doctrines. From his writings have been 

 collected volumes, published jwsthuniously, on fr'uitli 

 ami I'htlotopliy, Apoloyetict, and Introduction to The- 



SMITH, JOHN LAWBKSOK (1818-1883), chemist, 

 was born near Charleston, 8 C., Dec. 17, 1818. He 

 was educated at Charleston College and the Univer- 

 sity of Virginia, and became a civil cnu'ineor. After 

 some service on the Charleston and Cincinnati Rail- 

 he studied medicine and graduated at the 

 Medical School of the University of South Carolina. 

 After three years' further study in France and Ger- 

 many, lie began practice at Charleston in 1844. Two 

 years later James Buchanan, then U. S. Secretary of 

 State, was requested by the Sultan of Turkey to 

 recommend some person for the purpose of instruct- 

 ing the people of that empire in the cultivation of 

 cotton. Dr. Smith was selected and went to Turkey, 

 1m: tiie original purpose of his mission was n 

 ried out. He was made mining engineer to the 

 Turkish government, and spent four years in examin- 

 ing the mineral resources of the empire. One result 

 was his publication on the Thermal Waters of Asia 

 Minor (1849). Returning to the United States, Dr. 

 Smith discovered emery and comndum in North 

 Carolina. He completed his invent ion of the in- 

 verted microscope, which he had commenced in 

 Paris in 1850. He was appointed professor of chem- 

 istry in tho University of Virginia, but, having mar- 

 ried tho daughter of James Guthrie, U. 8 Secretary 

 of tho Treasury, removed to Louisville, Ky., where 

 lie became professor of chemistry in the Medical 

 School. He wu afterward superintendent of the 



Louisville gas-works. In 1867 he was U. S. Com- 

 missioner to the Paris Exposition, and in 1873 to 

 that of Vienna, and in connection with these pre- 

 pared valuable reports on industrial chemistry. In 

 1876 he was one of the judges at the Centennial Ex- 

 hibition at Philadelphia, and wrote the report on 

 Petroleum. In 1874 he had been chosen president 

 of the American Association for the Advancement of 

 Science. He had the best collection of meteorites 

 in tho United States, having purchased that of Dr. 

 Gerard Troost (q.v.), and greatly enlarged it. This 

 collection is now in possession of Harvard Univer- 

 sity. Dr. Smith was active in religious and philan- 

 thropic movements. He endowed the Baptist Home 

 at Louisville. He died, Oct. 12, IMS:. He had pub- 

 lished more than 70 scientific papers, and many of 

 these wore gathered in his .1 / mid Cbemi*- 



j fry, Original Kfswirclim (1873), of which an enlarged 

 edition, with biographic sketch, was issued after his 



j death. 



SMITH, PEBSFPOB PHASER (1798-1858), general, 

 was born in Philadelphia in November, 17'JH, both 

 his grandfathers having served with honor in the 

 war of the Revolution. After graduating at Prince- 

 ton in 1815, he studied law in Philadelphia and, on 

 his admission to the bar, removed to New Orleans. 

 His passion was, however, for arms, and at the out- 

 break of the Seminole war, being adjutant-general 

 of Louisiana, he raised some regiments of volun- 

 teers, marched to the scene, and there conducted 

 himself so as to attract the special attention of Gen- 

 erals Gaines, Scott, and Taylor, and insure their 

 lasting confidence. On the conclusion of this war 

 he returned to his judicial functions in New Orleans, 

 but in the spring of 1846, hearing of Gen. Tay- 

 lor's straits on tho Rio Grande, he again raised a 

 body of volunteers mid hastened to his assistance, 

 remaining in command of a brigade till the close of 

 the war with Mexico. He distinguished himself 

 especially in the fierce battle of Monterey, for which 

 he was brevetted brigadier-general in the U. 8. 

 Army. Gen. Smith then joined the army under 

 Gen." \Vinfield Scott, and his conduct at the battle 

 of Contreras elicited the wannest praise of that 

 commander. For his services here, and at the im- 

 rnediatelv subsequent battle of ('liunilmsco, he was 

 brevetted major general, Aug. 20, 1847. On the 

 resumption of hostilities, after an intervening ar- 

 mistice (for which he was a commissioner), lie ] ar- 

 tieipated in the affair of Cliapultepec and was in 

 active service at the capture of the city of Mexico. 

 At the conclusion of the war he was ordered to 

 California, where he held command of the Military 

 Department, and afterward held a similar command 

 ju Texas. In December, 1856, he was appointed to 

 the full rank of brigadier-general and ordered to 

 Kansas. In April, lsr>f\ he was assigned to the com- 

 mand of the Department of I'tuh. This he held only 

 for a month, dying at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 

 whither lie had pone for his health, May 17, , 



SMITH, SAMI-EL (1752-lS.!'.i), general and states- 

 man, was bora at Lancaster, Pa., July 27, 17.VJ. 

 11;^ father, bora in Ulster, became a successful mer- 

 chant in Baltimore, took part in tlie patriotic move- 

 ments at the outbreak of the Revolution, was a del- 

 egate to the Maryland constitutional convention in 

 1776, and afterward State senator. Samuel, after a 

 business-training in his father's counting-room, went 

 to Europe in 1772, and travelled extensively. Re- 

 turning in 177"), he became a captain in a regiment 

 of the Mai viand line, fought in Long Island, and at 

 White Plains, when! he was wounded. In 1777 he 

 promoted to be major, and fought at Brandy- 

 wine. Ordered by Washington to Fort Mitllin, near 

 Philadelphia, he sustained a siege by the British 

 from Sept :!ii to Nov. 11, and then, being wounded, 

 retired to New Jersey. For his defence Congrea* 



