552 



SOUND SOUTH MOUNT.UX. 



lie \*ent to Franco, but in 1869 he returned. Ho 

 died at New Orleans March 16, 1870. 



SOUND. See AOOCSTICB. 



SOUTHARD, HBXBT (1749-1843), patriot and con- 

 gressman, born on Long Island, N. Y., October, 1749, 

 his father's name being Southu-nrth. When he was 

 bat 7 years old, his father removed to Baskingridge, 

 N. J., where, after receiving an ordinary school 

 education, Henry worked on the home farm and as a 

 day-laborer, till he earned money enough to pur- 

 chase a farm for himself. An excellent memory and 

 sound practical judgment fitted him for public 

 work. He was active as a patriot during the Revolu- 

 tionary war, was for nine years a member of the 

 State legislature, and sat in Congress from 1801 to 

 1811, and from 1815 to 1821. In the latter year he 

 met as a member of a joint committee of the 17. S. 

 senate, his son Samuel Lewis, and voted with him 

 on the Missouri Compromise. Till he had passed 

 liis ninetieth year he neither wore glasses nor used 

 a staff. lie died at Baskingridge in June, 1842. 



His son, SAMUEL LEWIS SOUTHARD (1787-1842), 

 judge and senator, was born at Baskiugridge, June 9, 

 1787. He received a sound education and graduated 

 at Princeton College in 1804. After teaching school 

 in his native State, he went to Virginia as tutor in 

 the family of John Taluferro, during his residence 

 with whom he studied law, and was admitted to the 

 Virginia bar. In 1811 he settled as a lawyer at 

 Hemington, N. J., and in 1814 was appointed by 

 the legislature law-reporter. In 1815 he became 

 associate-judge of the supreme court of the State, 

 was a presidential elector in 1820, and United States 

 senator from 1821 to 1823, during a considerable 

 part of which time he was pro tern, president of that 

 body. In 1823 he was appointed by Pros. Monroe 

 secretary of the navy, and held the office till 1829, 

 acting also as secretary of the treasury from March 

 to July, 1825, and for a short time as secretary of 

 war. Immediately on his giving up the portfolio of 

 the nary he was chosen attorney-general of New 

 Jersey, and, in 1832, governor of the State. In 

 1833 he was again returned to the U. S. senate, and 

 on Pres. Harrison's death, in 1841, he became for a 

 second time president pro lent, of that body. In 

 1822 he was made a trustee of Princeton, and LL. 1). 

 by the University of Pennsylvania in 1833. He died 

 at Fredericksbnrg, Va., June 26, 1842. His publi- 

 cations CDmprise, Re/wtx f the JSiijirema Court of 

 Ne,c Jmuiy, 1816-1820 (2 vols., 1819-20), a 

 nial Address (1832); and a Discourse on II 

 Wirt. His son, SAMUEL LKWIS SHITHARD (1819- 

 1359), was born at Trenton, X. J., in 1819, graduated 

 at Princeton, 1836, took orders in the I'K 

 Episcopal Church, and was author of The MII.-I'-I-II 

 of Godliness (1848), and other theological and mis- 

 cellaneous publications. 



SOUTH BEND, a city of Indiana, county spat of 

 St. Joseph Co., is on St. Joseph river, and on the 

 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad and the 

 Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad, 85 miles E. of 

 Chicago. It has a fine court-house, 3 national banks, 

 a savings bank, 20 churches, a high school, St. 

 Joseph Academy, St Mary's Academy, and the Uni- 

 versity of Notre Dame. Three daily and six weekly 

 newspapers are published hern. The manufactures 

 comprise agricultural implements and machinery, 

 wagons, furniture, paper, woollen goods, etc. Its 

 population in 1880 was 13,280, having almost doubled ; 

 in ten vears. 



SOtfTHGATE, HOBATTO, missionary bishop, was 

 born at Portland, Maine, July 5, 1812. After gradu- 

 ating at'Bowdoin College, 1832, he spent two years 

 at Andover, but entered the Episcopal Church, and 

 was ordained deacon at Boston, 1835. The Foreign 

 Committee of the Board of Missions sent him abroad 

 in April, 1836, to investigate the condition of Moham- 



medanism in Turkey and Persia. After tlircp years' 

 absence he returned, and was ordained i 

 York, Oct. 3, 1839. The next year he was sent back 

 as missionary at Constantinople and delicate to the 

 Oriental churches, remaining four v. 

 experiences came his first books, I f n Tour 



| through Armenia, Kun/i- . uml .l/..-,../.<7.nH/.i 



(2 vols., 1840), and .\arratiri- of <t Visit In tlir Syrian 



M') Church of MesoftHtumin (1844). On" < 

 '-(>, 1844, he was consecrated in Philadelphia ns mis- 

 sionary bishop for the dominions and dependencies 

 of Turkey. [This was the only case in which the 

 American Episcopal Church sent a bishop to lands 

 having native clergy of that order, nnd it was after- 

 ward regarded as a step of doubtful wisdom.) Jn 

 1849 Dr. South gate came home and offered his resig- 

 nation of the otlice, which the House ot I 

 ce I ited in October, 1850. He published, in (!i. 

 Constantinople, .-I '/';.<///.>. < n ///. I i.tiijm'/i/, I> 

 Ministry, anil Wonhip of tlia Angliom Chtmli, 1849. 

 He declined the bishopric of California, l*. r 0, and 

 that of Hayti twenty years later. He organi; 

 Luke's Church, Portland, Maine (now the cathedral', 

 1851, was rector of the Advent, Boston, 1S52- ~,S, and 

 of Zion, New York, 1859-72. Since then he has 

 lived at Ravenswood, L. I. His later bookiari 

 War in the East (1855) ; Puroctiiul Seimutts (1859) ; 

 and The Cross nbotit the Crescent (1877). 



SOUTH MOUNTAIN AND ANT1KTAM. There 

 battles were fought on Sept. 14 and 17, 1862, be- 

 tween the Union forces under Gen. McClellan and 

 the Confederates tinder Gen. Lee, near the village 

 of Sharpsburg, cm the bunks of the Antictam Creek, 

 Maryland. After defeating the Union Gen. !' 

 the second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 30, 1862, Gen. 

 Lee in the beginning of September crossed the 

 Potomac into Maryland, with the immediate objects 

 of gaining over that State to the Confederacy 

 nnd capturing Washington and Baltimore. Pres. 

 Lincoln instantly called on Gen. McClellan (who 

 was then in Washington) to take command of the 

 Army of the Potomac, with which Pope's forces had 

 been merged, and the general forthwith set his troops 

 in motion to meet the inroad. On his arrival on tho 

 12th at Frederick, which Loo had left three days 

 previously, he came, into possession of the hitter's 

 plan of campaign, which, with tho view of leaving 

 no enemies in his reur, comprised an order for Jack- 

 son to reenus the Potomac, capture the forces at 

 Martinsbnrg, and co-operate in the capture of those 

 at Harper's Ferry ; forMcLaws to march on Harper's 

 Ferry ; and for Longstreet to halt with tho trains at 



boro'. Walker was to invest Han 

 from tho Maryland side, while D. H. Hill's division 

 was to form the rear-guard. On learning Lee's plans, 

 McClellan set about a movement to pass his army 

 through Turner's and Crampton's Gaps in South 

 Mountain, and, by interposing it between the 

 rated divisions of Lee's I'oice, to destroy them in do- 

 tail. But McClclhiu was, as usual, not sufficiently 

 prompt, and when the Union army reached the gaps 

 it found them beset by Confederates under Long- 

 street, Hill, and McLaws. There v.-as stubborn 

 righting all day of the 14th ; in the evening tho 

 Confederates withdrew, and next morning the vic- 

 torious Unionists passed through the gaps to tho 

 western side of the ranpe. 1' ; I.e.-, by delaying 

 i'Mi advance, had gained time to concentrate 

 his dis)x>rsed forces and to capture Harper's 1 

 with 11.000 men and 73 guns. 



\\hen Lee withdrew his left from Turner's Gap 

 be took up an elevated position between the, An- 

 tietam nnd Sharpsbnrg. His right, under McLaws, 

 on the capture of Harper's Ferry, came promptly 

 into line, and on the 16th Loo had his army concen- 

 trated there to the number of 40,000 men a force 

 ragged, indeed, and shoeless, and reduced by strag- 



