SPORTS. 



567 



world was secured by Hanlan ; and, in 1885, by 

 William Beach, of Australia. The championship of 

 America was won by O'Connor, of Toronto, in De- 

 cember, 1838. Among amateurs the leader for many 

 years was Charles E. Courtney, of Union Springs, N. 

 Y., who afterward became a professional and made 

 the extraordinary time of 3 miles in 19 minutes and 

 27 seconds. In 1885 a great race was rowed at Al- 

 bany between Courtney and Conley, on one side, 

 and Hosmer and Gaudaur, for the double-scull 

 championship of the world. The race was won by 

 Courtney and Conley. 



Rowing in the United States has been more rap- 

 idly developed through the races between the several 

 universities and colleges than through any other 

 source. In fact, the history of these races may be said 

 to have marked nearly all of the history of its ad- 

 vancement. In 1852 Harvard and Yale rowed their 

 first race of 2 miles on lake Winnipiseogee, in New 

 Hampshire. Harvard was represented by the Oneida, 

 an 8-oared boat, 38 feet long ; and Yale, by the Hal- 

 cyon, also an 8-oared barge. Yale won by 2 lengths, 

 the time l>eing about 10 minutes. In 1855 Harvard 

 put forward an 8-oared and a 4-oared boat ; and Yale, 

 two 6-oared boats. The former won. In 1859 Hai-vard 

 had a shell and a lapstreak, Yale a shell, and Brown 

 a lapstreak. Harvard was the victor. In 1859 Yale 

 beat by 2 seconds ; and in 1860 Harvard beat by 12 

 seconds. Down to this point the races were so ir- 

 regular, as to the classes of boats entered, that no 

 fair test could be made. In 1858 a movement was 

 made toward an intercollegiate regatta. Harvard, 

 Yale, Brown, and Trinity responded ; but nothing 

 was done until 1860, with the result above noted. 

 The civil war postponed further efforts until 1864, 

 since which time the record of the university races 

 is as follows the course being 4 miles. 



In 1883 Cornell beat Pennsylvania, Princeton, and 

 Wesleyan on Lake George ; and in 1884 Pennsyl- 

 vania beat Princeton, Cornell, Columbia, and Bo'w- 

 doin. For a time Harvard and Yale had everything 

 their own way. In 1871 Harvard, Anilierst, Brown, 

 and Bowdoin organized the " Rowing Association of 

 American Colleges," for the purpose of using the 

 course at Springfield, Mass. In 1872 Harvard was 

 defeated by Amherst, and Yale was the last to reach 

 the goal. This result encouraged boatingamong the 

 smaller colleges, so that in 1873 eleven crews entered. 

 Disputes having arisen in regard to the line of finish, 

 there was a disagreement upon the results between 

 Harvard and Yale for several years which helped 



other colleges to win the intercollegiate races. Har- 

 vard and Yale, however, met again in 1876, and the 

 contest between the two leaders has been continued 

 to the present day. 



The original Oneida, of the Harvards, was a type 

 of the club-boats down to 1855. It was a lapstrenk, 

 very heavy, with a straight stem and no sheer. The 

 width was 34 feet in the widest part ; and the oars 

 were placed in pins fastened to the gunwale. The 

 boats used by Yale in 1852 were of a similar pattern. 

 In 1855 the Oueida received small outriggers of 

 wood, which was the first appearance of such arrange- 

 ments in America, although they had been used in 

 the Oxford and Cambridge races after 1846. Boon 

 after 1855 Harvard secured an 8 oar lacing boat, 

 a lapstreak 51 feet long, with outriggers. In 1857 

 Harvard built the first ti-oaied shell ever constructed 

 in America. It was 40 feet long, 26 inches wide, and 

 carried iron outriggers. The boat weighed 150 

 pounds- a great gain over former boats aud the 

 material was white pine. In 1859 the Yale men 

 brought a new shell of Spanish cedar, 45 feet long, 

 24 inches wide, and weighing 150 pounds. Yale car- 

 ried a coxswain; Harvard carried no coxswain orind- 

 der. This, the first racing between shells in America, 

 was won by Harvard. The two lapsti eaks also entered 

 for the race were left behind so far that the advent 

 of the shells marked a new era. Then came the 

 adoption, by Harvard, of a rudder steered by the bow 

 oar by means of wires. In 1870 Yale intioduced the 

 sliding seat, which immediately called forth a long 

 debate as to its merits ; but it was soon accepted as 

 a positive advance in the art of rowing. In 1885 

 paper boats began to be used ; and they are now al- 

 most universally employed. 



RUNNING. Foot-races of 100, 200, and 440 yards are 

 often won by a few inches, and the value of an inch 

 or two in a runner's stride is of great importance. 

 Relatively long limbs, with a short body, full chest, 

 and small bones will win the day as against long 

 bodies and long limbs. The small girth of the legs 

 of runners has often been noticed. From the girth 

 of the muscle may be obtained a correct idea of its 

 volume, and but little idea of its length or the ex- 

 tent of its contraction. Length of the muscle, and 

 not thickness, is of advantage to short-distance run- 

 ners. One of the champion runners of the world is 

 but 5 feet 7 inches in height ; but he has a length of 

 lower leg which corresponds to a man 3 or 4 inches 

 taller and a length of thigh belonging to a man al- 

 most us large. Running records have not been pre- 

 served as carefully as the records upon other athlet- 

 ic sports. It may, however, be stated that for a 100 

 yards run a fair record is 10 to 11 seconds ; for a 

 440 yards run, 57 seconds ; for a 220 yards dash, 25 

 seconds. The records for running a mile differ, so 

 that but little significance can be attached to them. 

 The half-mile was run by Cross, of England, in 1 min- 

 ute 54J seconds in New'York in 1888 ; the 100 yards, 

 by Westing, in 10 seconds ; the lj mile, by Coneff, in 

 G minutes 3 seconds ; the 250 yards, by Pelling, in 24J 

 seconds. Westing and Pelling broke the records. 



SKATFNG, in the United States, follows at a consid- 

 erable distance behind the practice of the art in 

 Canada and in the northern countries of Europe. 

 In fact, no Americans have yet been found who could 

 compete successfully, either in speed or in grace, 

 with natives of those countries. The championship 

 of America was won in 1884 by a Norwegian, Axel 

 Paulson, who skated 10 miles in 39 minutes 7 

 seconds. Soon afterward he made 25 miles in 93 

 minutes 28 seconds. Both of these records were 

 considerably in advance of the fastest time down to 

 that date. The fastest authentic time on record in 

 America was made by Tim Donohne, Jr., on the 

 Hudson River, near Newburg, N. Y., in 1887. The 

 mile was made in 2 minutes 12 J seconds. 



