670 



SPRINGFIELD-SPURGEON. 



reservoirs. It was settled in 1635 and was made a 

 city in is.".-.'. Its property is valacd at 839,861,550, 

 ami tho tax-rate in 1 :W 'per (1 ' vnt - I" 1885 it lm>I 

 :.:..."7 inhabitants, and has now 42,000, making it 

 lli.' eighth in xi/M in tlio State. In tho virinity 

 brown sandstone i.s quarried, and shipped over all 

 tho c 



Sl'Ul.NcriKLP. a city of Missouii. county scat 

 of Greene Co., i-i on the St. Louis and San Fi. 

 Railroal, U:W miles \V. S. \V. of St. Louis. It is 

 the most important town of Southwest. 'in M 

 It has a court-house, 15 churches, il hanks, "2 daily 

 and 3 weekly newspapers. Drni-y College, a Con- 

 gregational institution, was established here in 1873. 

 The industrial works comprise machine-shops, car- 

 works, woollen and e >'to:i mills. The population in 

 1880 was (>.">"> J, lur i: has since greatly increased. 



SI'RINUFIELD, a city of Ohio, seat of Clark 

 r.' unity, at the confluence of Lagonda Creek with 

 t:i Mad River, 81 miles \. N. K. of Cincinnati. Six 

 lines of railway pass through the city, connecting it 

 with Cincinnati, Cleveland, Sandusky, Columbus, 

 Indianapolis, and more distant places. It has a fine 

 county court-house, new government building, new 

 city building, a handsome library structure, two 

 opera-houses, and fine business blocks. Besides 15 

 public schools it has a young ladies' seminary and 

 Wittenberg (Lutheran) College, with good building 

 and spacious grounds, and a free public library. 

 There are 33 churches, some of which are fine edi- 

 fices, a free hospital, and children's home. Three 

 daily and 6 weekly newspapers are published here. 

 The city has 60 manufacturing firms, employing over 

 7000 workmen. The chief products are agiictilt- 

 nral implements, among which their reapers, mow- 

 ers, and graindrills (see AOBICCWCRE) are especially 

 noted. There are also produced sewing machines, 

 bicycles, tricycles, water-wheels, iron fences, malle- 

 able iron, linseed-oil, etc. The city has good water- 

 work*, an efficient fire department, gas und electric 

 lights, telegraph and telephone service, a park, pood 

 sewerage, street railways, and postal earner-deliv- 

 ery. Springfield was laid out in 1801 and incorpo- 

 ruted as the county seat in 1819, but its chief improve- 

 ment has been since 1860. Its population in 18NO 

 was 20,730, but it has sinco greatly increased. The 

 Indian chief Tecumseh was l.orn in this vicinity. 



SPRUCE, the namo usually given to that section 

 of the b.i'a:iic.d gentH Ahl'H (or, according to some 

 b I'anisN, to the separate t^-iris f'icHii) tin? species of 

 which are distinguished by pendant cones with per- 

 sistent scales, and by the leaves being arran 

 around the shoots ; in distinction from the I 

 which the cones are erect, the scale* non-persistent, 

 and the leaves placed in rows on opposite M 

 the shoot. Tho Spruces are of slower growth than 

 the Fir.s, and their wood much superior for com- 

 mercial purposes, it being soft but tongh, and well 

 adapted to many uses. The Spruces an also often 

 of handsome form and foliage, and several species 

 arc highly esteemed as ornamental trees. 



In the eastern Unit 1 BtetM :md Canada there aro 

 three species of . considerable commercial impor- 

 tance, Abies Grintidenxit, the Hemlock Spruce ; . l///>x 

 niyrn, tho Black Spruce ; and . l/./w nHm, tho White 

 Spruce. (For a description of these species, see FIB 

 in the ENCTC&OP.EDI4 BnrTASSNU.) Tho Rocky 

 Mountain and Pacific coast regions possess several 

 species, most important among which is .-I. J-'ur/cl- 

 m/inni, the characteristic species of tho mountains 

 of Colorado. This is a large tree, from 75 to 160 

 feet in extreme height, and 3 to 4 feet diameter, its 

 range extending through the Rocky Mountains to 

 British Columbia and to Oregon. It is a handsome 

 tree, with timber similar to that of A. "iyrn, covers 

 the mountain-slopes from 5000 to 11,500 feet eleva- 

 tion, and at the medium height forms in Colorado 



extensive forests of coni." nsity and great 



beauty. At r . it is reduced to a 



prostrate shrub, which is, how. '. d with 



cones. /'. I'lif/flnininii is tl>< Suable tin 



of the ceiitial Ilocky Mountain region, bring 

 much used for fuel, charcoal, and lumber, \\hiloits 

 bark is rich in tannin. 



.1. /. . tin- tide-lar.d oprnee, extends from 



Alaska toCalifornia, and forn. fioni 



10 tn "id miles wide, rear the mouth of the Colum- 

 bi-i River. It is a large tree, attaining a height of 

 1 Id to 180 feet, and 7 to !." feet .iiaim-ter, and is of 

 great economic value, its wood being used for con- 

 struction, fencing, boat building, cooperate, 

 .1. jn/iiii'-iix is a rare and local \ti-nding 



from the Wind River Valley to the mountains of 

 Wyoming. Colorado, and Utah. It never forms for- 

 ests. Among the spocics which have been cl 

 as spruces may be named the huge Douglas Spruce, 



which in its extreme growth is among the tallest 

 Mown, it l.eiii^-^aid to occasionally, in Oregon, 

 attain a height of 300 to 350 feet. Recent botanical 

 authorities, however, remove this species from the 

 genus Aliirx, and class it as l'fii>i< tamjii Ihmglnsii, 

 it having peculiarities of seeming generic valno 

 which approach those of the Hemlocks. In addition 

 to the native Spruces of Ameiica, several exotic spe- 

 cies have been introduced as ornamental trees, prin- 

 cipal among these being tho Norway Spnice, .1. 

 which in form and foliage is one of the hand- 

 somest of the eonifcr.e. (o. M.) 



SPURGEOH, CiiAKLKsHAnDON, eminent Christian 

 preacher and worker, was born at Kelvcdon, Essex, 

 England, June 19, 183t. His father John and grand- 

 father James hail been pastors of Independent 

 churches. With the latter Charles spent his child- 

 hood, already evincing a serious disposition and 

 being pointed out as likely to be a successful minis- 

 ter. Returning to his father's house at Cold 

 he attended school there, and when only fifteen bo- 



