ST A MFORD STANFORD. 



studied engineering. Having removed to Ohio he 

 became interested in tic Indian mounds of that 

 Slate, and with Dr. . II. Davis undertook an ex- 

 ploralion of them, whose results were published by 

 the Smithsonian Institution. He next published 

 Abori'/iinil M'Hittinents of the Skilt of Jimr }"o/-A- 

 (1849). In ISIS lie was seut by the U. S. govcrn- 



iiiont as charge d'affaires to the repubh 



America. His observations of this region and its 

 remarkable aboriginal architecture were recorded in 

 several volumes, among which are yicanigmi : its 

 People, Scenery, and Monuments (1852). lu 1853 he 

 returned to survey a route for an interocoanic rail- 

 road, which, however, was never begun. He pub- 

 lished T/ie Mute* of Central America (1857), which 

 was revised in 1870 ; and a work on Ti-iijii'-ul Fibres 

 (1861). In 18153 ho was sent to Peru as U. S. coin- 

 laissiouer and explored the remains of the Inca mon- 

 uments, but after his return to New York his labors 

 in the preparation of an exhaustive work on the sub- 

 ject were interrupted by a mental disorder. After 

 an interval of years he was able to publish, Peru : 

 /'nla mill StplomtiOlU in (lit! I.mul iff the Incus 

 (1877). 8, ill Utter lie was again attacked by the 

 mental disorder and unfitted for work. He died at 

 Brooklyn, April 17, 1888. 



S FAHFOBD, a borough and town of Connecticut, 

 in Fail-Held county, on Long Island Sound, and on 

 the New York, New Haven ami Hartford Railroad, 

 34 miles N. E. of New York. The harbor will ac- 

 commodate vessels of 8 feet draught, and there is 

 daily steam boat communication with New York. 

 The town-hall is a flue building which cost j?110,!MX). 

 There are 10 hotels, 2 national banks and 2 savings 

 banks, 4 weekly newspapers, 8 churches in tho 

 borough, and 12 more in the town. Besides manu- 

 factures of drug-extracts, hats, Yale locks, and post- 

 office outfits, there are iron and bronze foundries, 

 sash and blind factories. The borough is lighted 

 with gas, and has water-works and small parks. Its 

 property is valued at 810,000,000, its public debt is 

 9150,000, and its ordinary yearly expenses about 

 8100,000. It was settled in 1641 and incorporate,! 

 in 1830. For two hundred years it preserved tlu 

 aspect of a typical Puritan village, but since 1850 ii 

 has become more cosmopolitan. The town has an 

 area of 10 square miles, of which the borough oo- 

 cnpies one-sixth. Many citizens of New York have 

 summer residences here. The town had in 18HU a 

 population of 11,297. 



SIAMIM-'U, JAKOB (1820-1879), a Swiss states- 

 man, was liara iu the province of Berne in 1820. 

 He was of humble origin, but by energetic persist- 

 ence acquired a good education. He studied law at 

 Berne, became an advocate in 1843, and soon af.er 

 entered actively into politics, becoming a leader of 

 the radical party about 1M~>. He was elected pres- 

 ident of the canton of Berne in is in, and of tho re- 

 public of Switzerland in 1858. The reforms intro- 

 duced through his influence were the establishment 

 of direct taxation and the abolition of all feudal 

 burdens, while he vigorously opposed tho influence 

 of tho Jesuits. In 1872 he was chosen one of the 

 members of the Alabama arbitration commission, 

 and gave his vote in favor of the United States. He 

 died, M.iv 1.1. i 



STAMI' VTS. See UBVOLDTIOX, AMERICAN. 



8TANDISH, MILES (or MYLBS), the Pilgrim-sol- 

 dier, was born about 1584, in Lancashire. England, 

 and claimed to be descended from the rightful heirs 

 of Duxbnry Hall, Lancashire. Frojssurt tells how, 

 in tho time of Richard II., the rcb-1 Wat Tyler was 

 fdain by a "sqnyer of the Kyngcs culled John Stan- 

 hn " who received knighthood for the deed. 

 Ix>ngfellow refers to the feat in his "Conrtship of 

 " " One of uiy ancestors run his 



Miles S-uidish : 



sword through the heart of Wat Tyler." While yet 

 a youth Slandish entered the English army in tho 

 Netherlands and rose to the rank of captain. Though 

 not a member of t he Lcv.leii church or congn-: 

 he accompanied (lie 1'ilgu , li.iv. \< \v 



England, on board the Ma\ flower, whence mi Nov. 

 Jl, li'i-jo, sixteen armed men, " Everyone his musket, 

 sword, and corslet, under the command of ('aptaino 

 Myles Stamlish were despatched ashore on a scvon<l 

 exploration." No one has described the captain's 

 appeamuce and character so graphically as Long- 

 fellow : 



"Short of utatnre he w. but strongly luiilt and athletic, 



lira** in the (boulders, deep-chested, with muscles and liocw* 

 of mm. . . . 



Somewhat hasty and hot (he could not deny it), and head- 

 strong. 



Stern as a toldior might he, but hcartv an<1 placable always. 



Not to be laughed at and scorned, because he was little of 

 stature. 



For he was great of heart, magnanimous, courtly, courageous." 



During the first winter at Plymouth he lost liis wife, 

 Rose, and tradition tells that he employed his friend, 

 John Alden, to negotiate his marriage with the win- 

 some Priscilla Mullins, but the maid's suggestion, 

 " Why not speak for yourself, John ?" resulted in her 

 marriage with tho envoy. Staudish was the cham- 

 pion, par excellence, of the infant settlement, defend- 

 ing it against the open and secret hostilities of the 

 Indians. In 1G22 a new colony was founded at \V. - 

 sagussett (now Weymouth), and the Massachusetts 

 Indians planned to destroy it. The plot was re- 

 vealed by a friendly Indian, and Standish, witli only 

 8 men, set out to its relief. By the counsel of their 

 native well wisher Standish decoyed the two chiefs, 

 along with a half-brother of one of them, into a 

 room, and there, after a desperate struggle, slew 

 them. A battle followed, and the Indians fled. The 

 head of Witmvamat, one of the chiefs, was set up :it 

 Plymouth, and this, with Staudish's victory, struck 

 terror into the savages. In 1625 he revisited Eng- 

 land as agent for the colony, nnd returned ncv 

 with .supplies. He then settled Dnxburj -giving 

 that name to the place after the English home of his 

 race and for the remainder of his life held the 

 office of magistrate or assistant of that town. Plym- 

 outh despatched a vessel and force under Standish 

 to compel the French to mil-render Pcnobscot, from 

 which, in 1(135, they had driven nway a party of 

 Plymouth men, but the expedition proved a failure. 

 In addition to being the military head of the colony, 

 Htandish was its counsellor in civil matters, and for 

 many years its treasurer. Tradition fays his second 

 wife, Barbara, was a younger sister of his first wife, 

 Hose. In 1ST" a portrait of Stiuidish, painted on a 

 panel, with date Ki25, and hearing his name and age 



i:jS), was discovered in a picture-store in Boston. 

 t is now to be seen in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth, where 

 one of his swords is preserved, another being in the 

 cabinet of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 

 He died at Duxburv, Oct. :!, ll',~t>, leaving a widow 

 and four sons to w'hom, by his will, bearing 

 March 7, lf,-V>, he left his property, valued at 35(1. 

 A granite monument (founded in 1S72) is erected to 

 mory on Captain's Hill, Pnxlmry, and is sur- 

 mounted bv a statue of the hero, " the first commis- 

 sioned military officer of New England." (J. H.) 



SIVM'nUI), LKLAND, railroad constructor and 

 senator, was born at Watervliet, N. Y., March 9, 

 IS'JI. His early life was spent on a farm, but. hav- 

 ing studied law, he was admitted to the bar and began 

 practice at Port Washington, Wis. In 1852 here- 

 moved to California and engaged in gold mining in 

 Placer county. In 1856 he established a mercantile 

 business in San Francisco, and accumulated a large 

 fortune. In 1860 he was a delegate to the Republi- 

 can national convention at Chicago. He was a 



