STEELE STEPHEN. 



593 



STEELE, FREDERICK (1819-1868), general, was 

 born at Delhi, N. Y., Jan. 14, 1819. Graduating at 

 the U. S. Military Academy in 1843. he served in 

 the war with Mexico as 2d lieutenant, gaining the 

 brevets of 1st lieutenant and captain by his " gallant 

 and meritorious conduct " at Contreras and Cha- 

 pultepec. In June, 1848, he was commissioned as 

 1st lieutenant aud ordered to California, where he 

 served till 1853, and thereafter mainly in Minnesota, 

 Nebraska, and Kansas till the civil war, receiving his 



rector of the university. His principal works are : 

 The Principles of the Philosophy of Nature (Berlin, 

 1806) ; Anthropology (Breslan, 1821) ; The False 

 Philosophy and the True Faith (Breslan, 1825) ; 

 Christian Philosophy (Breslau, 1835). He died at 

 Berlin, Feb. 13, 1845. 



STEIN, LORENZ, Danish jurist and economist, born 

 at Eckernforde, Nov. 18, 1815. The son of a sol- 

 dier and left an orphan at an early age, he was 

 brought up as a " child of the regiment " at a mili- 



commission as captain in 1855. In June, 1861, ho tary school, where he so distinguished himself by his 



was advanced to major of the Eleventh Infantry, ami 

 in September to colonel of the Eighth Iowa Volun- 

 teers, commanding a brigade in Missouri till April, 

 1832, and taking part in the battles of Dag Spring 

 anil Wilson's Creek. He was commissioned brigadier- 

 general of volunteers in January, 18(>2, and corn- 



intelligence and progress that he received a bursary 

 from the king by which he was enabled to continue 

 his studies at the Flensborg School of Science and 

 at the Universities of Kiel and Jena, where he ap- 

 plied himself specially to the study of philosophy 

 and jurisprudence. In 1841 he took his degree at 



inanded a division in the Army of the Southwest ' Kiel, and published a History of Ciril Procedure and 



till November of that year, being engaged at Round 

 Hill and in the occupation of Helena, Ark. He was 

 then brevetted to major-general of volunteers and as- 

 signed to the Thirteenth Army Corps, which he com- 

 ni.iu. led in the Yazoo expedition and at the capture 

 of Arkansas Post, in January, 1863. Transferred to 

 tlm Fifteenth Corps, he led a division in the Vicks- 

 bnrg campaign, for his various services in which he 

 was brevotted colonel in the U. S. army, July 4, 

 1863, and promoted to lieutenant-colonel, Aug. 26, 

 when his division was sent to Arkansas and, Sept. 19, 

 captured Little Rock, from which date till Nov. 29, 

 lie commanded the department of that State. He 

 then went to the aid of Gen. Canby in the reduction 

 of Mobile, and, after commanding various divisions 

 in the South, was at the close of the war brevetted 

 brigadier-general in the regular army for the capture 

 of Little Rock, and major-general for services during 

 the war. In December, 1865, ho was assigned to the 

 command of the Department of Columbia. On July 

 28, 1866, he was assigned to the colonelcy of the 

 Twentieth Infantry, and remained in the service till 

 mustered out in March, 1867, on account of failing 

 health. He died at San Mateo, Cal., Jan. 12, 1868. 



STEENSTRUP, JOKANN- JAPHET SMITH, Danish 

 naturalist, was born, March 8, 1813, at Vang, where 

 .his father was pastor of a Lutheran church. He 

 studied medicine but devoted himself especially to 

 natural science, making for this purpose visits to the 

 island of Bornholm (1836), to the north of Jutland 

 (1838), to Iceland (1839-40), to the Scotch High- 

 lands, Faroe Islands, and Norway (1844). In 1843 he 

 obtained the natural history prize offered by the 

 University of Copenhagen. He had already been 

 instructor in mineralogy and botany at So roe, and 

 in 1845 he was made assistant professor of zoology 

 iu the University of Copenhagen, and in 1848 one of 

 the directors of the Royal Museum of Natural His- 

 tory in that city. His works on The Derehpment of 

 Animals by Alternation* of Generation (1842) and Re- 

 searches on Hermnphrmlitex (18t6) are important 

 contributions to science and have been translated 

 into English and other languages. 



STEFFENS, HEINRICH (1773-1845), German phi- 

 losopher, was born at Stavanger, Norway, May 2, 

 1773. He studied the natural sciences at Copen- 

 hagen, and went thence to Germany to follow the 

 c mrse of Schelling at Jena. On his return to Copen- 

 hagen he opened a course of lectures on philosophy, 

 which was promptly suppressed owing to the start- 

 ling novelty of his ideas. By way of compensation 

 he accepted the chair of philosophy and mineral- 

 ogy in the University of Halle. A determined foe to 

 the French invasion of Germany, he served through 

 the campaign of the War of Liberation, and after 

 the peace returned to Breslau to teach the natural 

 sciences. He was then called to Berlin to occupy 

 the chair of natural sciences in the university of 



Present Practice in Denmark which gained for him a 

 prize from the government that enabled him to visit 

 Berlin and Paris, whore his attention was mainly di- 

 rected to Saiut-Simoiiism. He was thus led to pub- 

 lish a pamphlet upon Socialism and Communism in 

 Modern France (Leipsic, 1844), in which the socialist 

 theories were for the first time submitted to a really 

 scientific examination. In Paris, also, he collected 

 materials for his History of the French Constitution 

 and Laic (3 vols., 1846-48). Meantime he had been 

 created Doctor by the University of Kiel, and in 

 1846 was appointed professor extraordinary there. 

 When the Sehleswig-Holstein question came to be 

 agitated he warmly defended the rights of the 

 duchies in the German press. He took part also in 

 editing the pamphlet of the nine Kiel professors, 

 and saw himself, thereupon, threatened with depri- 

 vation. On the rising of the duchies in 1848 he sus- 

 tained the national cause with more ardor than ever, 

 and was sent by the provisional government to Paris, 

 where he brought out a pamphlet on The Schlesu-ig- 

 Holstein Question. Here also he revised his work on 

 the social condition of France, which he brought 

 out anew under the title : Jfistoiy of the Social Agi- 

 tations in France from 1789 to the Present Time (Leip- 

 sic, 1849-51, 3 vols.). From this time he devoted 

 himself more especially to economical questions 

 proper, and, having, along with his nine colleagues, 

 been deprived of office on Denmark retaking posses- 

 sion of the duchies in 1852, lived privately in Kiel 

 till 1854, when he repaiied to Vienna. Here he was 

 appointed to the chair of the political sciences and 

 became associated with the Minister of State Von 

 Bruck, who called on him for assistance in regard to 

 the Austrian finances. In 1878 he was appointed 

 professor in the law faculty of the University of Vi- 

 enna, and held this chair till his retirement in 1885. 

 Among his works are : A Si/stem of the Political Sci- 

 ences (Stuttgiird, 1852-56) ;' The New Cor.dilions of 

 Specie and Credit in Austria (Vienna, 1855) ; Manual 

 of Political Economy (Vienna, 1858) ; Manual of the 

 Science of Finance (Leipsic, 1860) ; Science of Adminis- 

 tration (Stuttgard, 1865-68) ; Army Administration 

 (1872) ; Woman in National Eoonomy (1886). 



STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES,' English lawyer 

 and legal author, was born in London in March, 

 1829, being the son of Sir James Stephen, for whom 

 see ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. He was educated at 

 Trinity College, Cambridge, graduated B. A. in 1852, 

 and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 

 January, 1854. He served as recorder of Newark-on- 

 Treut from 1859 to 1869, and in December of the 

 latter year was appointed a law member of the gov- 

 ernment of India in place of Sir Henry Maine. He 

 held this office till April, 1872, during which time 

 he strove to simplify the laws of India. In 1873 he 

 unsuccessfully contested Dundee, in 1875 Was ap- 

 pointed professor of common law of the Inns of 



that city, and for a year occupied the position of j Court, and in 1878 became a member of the royal 



