STEUBENVILLE STEVENS. 



593 



STEUBENVILLE, a city of Ohio, county seat of 

 Jefferson Co., is on the Ohio river, 22 miles above 

 Wheeling. It is on the Cleveland and Pittsburg, 

 and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis Rail- 

 roads, which here cross the river on a bridge. It 

 has a fine court-house, 3 national banks, 2 other 

 banks, 18 churches, a high school and other schools, 

 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. The industrial 

 works comprise iron rolling-mills, blast furnaces, 

 car-works, machine-shops, white-lead works, brewer- 

 ies, glass factory, paper, flour, and woollen mills, and 

 potteries. It is adjacent to bituminous coal-fields, 

 and has a good supply of natural gas. It is also a 

 trade centre for a farming and wool-growing district. 

 Fort Steuben was erected here in 1787, and the set- 

 tlement which grew around it was made a city in 

 1851. Its population in 1880 was 12.0J3. 



STEVENS, ISAAC INOALLS, general, was born, 

 March 28, 1818, at Andover, Mass., and was gradu- 

 ated in 1839 from the U. S. Military Academy, where 

 he ranked fii-st in his class, being commissioned 2d 

 lieutenant of engineers. In 1840 he was promoted 

 1st lieutenant, and served as adjutant of the engi- 

 neer corps in the Mexican war, in the course of 

 which he was brevetted captain and major for 

 meritorious conduct at Cjntreras, Clmrubusco, and 

 Chapultepec. At the taking of the City of Mexico 

 ho was severely wounded. For several years he 

 superintended fortifications on the New England 

 coast, and from 1849 to 1833 was principal assistant 

 an 1 in charge of the office of the U. S. Coast Survey 

 at Washington, D. C. In the latter year he resigned 

 from the army on his appointment to the governor- 

 ship of Washington Territory. While continuing 

 to hold tliis office he conducted the pioneer survey 

 of the northern route fora Pacific railroad, an account 

 of which he afterward published. In virtue of his 

 office of governor he was superintendent of Indian 

 affiiirs, in which capacity he had frequent dealings 

 with the natives, as well as hostile encounters with 

 them. In 1834-53 he concluded treaties with them 

 by which they relinquished more than 100.000 square 

 miles of territory. During his absence, in the latter 

 year, the disaffected Indians rose against the whites. 

 On his return he called out 1,000 volunteers, and 

 after a campaign in 183(5 the Indians were subdued 

 and their chiefs slain. During the struggle he caused 

 whites sympathizing with the savages to be shut up 

 in the towns, and when Chief Justice Lander issued 

 a writ of habeas mrpus for their release, Stevens de- 

 clared two counties under martial law, seized Lander 

 in his court-room, and kept him prisoner till the end 

 of the war. In 1857 he reined his governorship 

 and was elected delegate to Congress from Washing- 

 ton Territory for two successive terms (1857-61). 

 On the outbreak of the civil war he hastened from 

 the Pacific coast to Washington, and was appointed 

 colonel of the 79th (Highlanders) "N. Y. Volunteers. 

 The men were disappointed at being commanded by 

 army officers and 8 companies mutinied, but by his 

 courage and sound sense Col. Stevens restored" dis- 

 cipline, and on his promotion to brigadier-general, 

 Sept. 28, 1861, the men asked to be transferred to 

 his brigade. His first service in this capacity was in 

 the Port Royal expedition, which left Fortress Mon- 

 roe a month later, in the course of which he, with 

 the co-operation of the gun-boats, attacked and capt- 

 ured the Confederate batteries on the Coosaw. On 

 Jnly 4, 1862, he was promoted to major-general of 

 volunteers, and transferred to Newport News, serv- 

 ing under Gen. John Pope. He took part in skir- 

 mishes on the Rappahannock, and was hotly engaged 

 in the second battle of Bull Run, where he distin- 

 guished himself. On the morning of Sept. 1, 1862, 

 his division encountered the enemy near Chantilly. 

 Stevens, carrying the colors of the 79th Regiment in 

 his hand, placed himself at the head of his divisions, 



and cheered on his men ; while thus engaged he was 

 shot through the head and instantly killed. 



STEVENS, JOHN (1749-1838), inventor, was born 

 in New York in 1749. His specialty was the prob- 

 lem of steam-navigation. The legislature of the 

 State of New York had offered a monopoly of the 

 navigation of the Hudson to anyone who should con- 

 struct a boat with a speed of 3 miles an hour, and, 

 as early as 1789, Stevens presented a memorial stat- 



[ ing that he had perfected his plans. In 1804 he 

 built a vessel with twin screws that navigated the 

 Hudson, but failed to attain the required speed. 

 Livingston ( Stevens' brother-in-law ) and Fulton 



i then acquired the monopoly. In 1807 Stevens built 

 the paddle-wheel steamer Phoenix, that plied for 

 six years on the Delaware. Professor Ren wick, who 

 gives the best account of Fulton's boat Clermont, in 

 1807, says : " The Stevenses [father and son] were 

 but a few days later in moving a boat with the re- 

 quired velocity," and, " being shut out of the waters 

 of New York by the monopoly of Livingston and Ful- 

 ton, Stevens conceived the bold design of conveying 

 his boat to the Delaware by sea, and this boat, which 

 was so near reaping the honor of the first success, 

 was the first to navigate the ocean by the power of 

 steam." In 1812 Stevens designed a revolving, 

 iron-plated steam battery, essentially on the prin- 

 ciple afterward embodied in the monitors. In the 

 same year he published an essay on railroads, indi- 

 cating the methods of operating them by steam, and 

 suggested the building of a railway between Albany 

 and Lake Erie. He was the engineer of the Cam- 

 den and Amboy Railroad. To Stevens may be ascribed 

 the paternity of the American patent law. In 1790 

 his petition to Congress for protection to American 

 invention was referred to a committee, which report- 

 ed a bill that became law, April, 1790. He died at 

 Hoboken, N. J., March, 1838. 



His son, ROBERT LIVINGSTON STEVENS (1787-1856), 

 was born at Hoboken, N. J., March, 1787. From 

 his 17th year he was associated with his father in 

 experiments in steam-navigation and ship-building. 

 In the hull of his father's vessel the Phoenix, which 

 he navigated from New York to the Delaware in 1808, 

 he introduced concave water-lines, this being the 

 first application of the wave-line in ship-building. 

 During the war with England he was engaged, in 

 1813-14, in making a bomb that could be fired from 

 a cannon instead of from a mortar, and ultimately 

 sold to the government percussion oblongated shells 

 for smooth-bore guns. On Fulton's death, in 1815, 

 the speed attained by steam-boats on the Hudson 

 was under 7 miles an hour ; about this date Stevens 

 produced the Philadelphia, with a rate of 8 miles. 

 From this time till 1832 he kept accelerating the 

 rate, till the North American attained 15 miles. In 

 1821 he originated the present form of ferry-boats 

 and ferry-slips. In 1822 he introduced anthracite 

 into his furnaces, and, soon after, into his steamers. 

 In 1836 he introduced the T-rail on the Camden and 

 Amboy Railroad, of which he was president. In 

 1842 he was commissioned by government to build 

 an iron-plated war-vessel or battery, shell-proof, and 

 to be driven by screws. This was left unfinished 

 at his death, which occurred at Hoboken, April 26, 

 1856. 



JAMES ALEXANDER STEVENS, brother of the preced- 

 ing, was born in New York in 1790, graduated at 

 Columbia College in 1808, and was admitted to the 



i New York bar, 1811. He also was connected with 

 steam-navigation, and, in conjunction with Thomas 

 Gibbons, established the Union Line between New 

 York and Philadelphia. This resulted in a suit, 

 memorable for its decision, that placed all the waters 

 of the United States under government jurisdiction. 

 EDWIN AUGUSTUS STEVENS (1795-1868) was associ- 



, ated with his brothers in steam-navigation, and in 



