STONE STONE RIVER 



599 



scientific commission to survey and explore its lands 

 in Sonora and Lower California. From this work 

 be was called on Jan. 1, 1861, to become colonel 

 and inspector-general of the militia of the District 

 of Columbia. He was here engaged, under Gen. 

 Winfleld Scott, in disciplining volunteers, and on 

 May 17 he was made brigadier-general of volunteers 

 and put in charge of the defences of Washington. 

 Under Gen. Patterson he led a brigade in the latter's 

 Shenandoah campaign, and from August, 1861, till 

 February, 1862, was in command, under McClellan, 

 of the corps of observation of the Army of the Po- 

 tom.ic. Having, on Oct. 20, 1861, been ordered to 

 make a feint of crossing the Potomac at Ball's Bluff, 

 as if with the view of attacking the enemy there, he, 

 on his own authority, converted the feint into a real 

 attack and was disastrously repulsed on the next 

 morning. There was a popular outcry against the 

 commander, which increased after Congress met in 

 December. On Feb. 9, 1862, he was arrested and 

 placed in confinement in Fort Lafayette, New York 

 harbor, where he lay till Aug. 16th. He was then 

 released, without any explanation. In May, 1863, ho 

 was ordered to duty in the Department of the Gulf, 

 whi're he took part in the siege of Port Hudson and 

 took part in receiving the surrender of the place, 

 July 8, 1803. Selected by Gen. Banks as his chief 

 of staff, he was present at the battles of Sabine Cross- 

 roads and Pleasant Hill (April 8 and 9, 1864). On 

 April 4, 1864, he was houorably mustered out as 

 brigadier-general of volunteers, and on Sept. 13 

 resigned his commission as colonel of the 14th In- 

 fantry. In 1870 he entered the service of the Khe- 

 dive of Egypt and wa.s made chief of the general 

 staff of the army. Subsequently he was made tem- 

 porary chief of the cadastral survey, and was presi- 

 dent of the Geographical Society. When the 

 American officers were mustered out of the Egyptian 

 service, in 1879, Stone alone remained, and held 

 his position of chief of the staff till the insurrection 

 of Arabi Pacha. In 1883 he resigned and returned 

 to the United States, decorated with several orders 

 conferred by Ism lil Pacha. Since his return he has 

 held tho posts of engineer-in-chief for the Florida 

 ship-canal and transit company, and to the commit- 

 tee for the erection in New York harbor of Bar- 

 tholdi's statue of Liberty Enlightening the World. 



STONE, WILLIAM LECTB (1792-1844), author, was 

 born, April 20, 1792, at New Paltz, N. Y., his father 

 having been a soldier in tho Revolutionary war. He 

 spent part of his youth on his father's farm at Sodus, 

 N. Y., which was then in a wilderness, and there 

 mot with adventures and gained experiences he af- 

 terward embodied in his border tales. At tho ago of 

 17 he became a printer, and in 1813 he was editor 

 of the Herkimer American, on which Thurlow Weed 

 worked as a journeyman. He subsequently edited 

 political papers in Hudson, Albany, and Hartford, 

 besides conducting at Hudson a literary periodical 

 entitled The Lounger, and at Hartford, in conjunc- 

 tion with J. M. Waiuwright (afterward bishop) and 

 Samuel G. Goodrich (" Peter Parley "), The Knights 

 of the Round Tdlile. From 1821 till his death he was 

 one of the proprietors and editors of the New York 

 Commercial Advertiser, employing its columns to ad- 

 vocate, among other objects, the cause of abolition 

 of slavery and that of compulsory education. Soon 

 after the Morgan tragedy he, although himself a 

 freemason, addressed a series of letters to John 

 Quinc-y Adams (afterward collected and published 

 at New York, 1832), urging the abandonment of 

 Freemasonry because it had outlived its usefulness. 

 In 1841 he was sent by Pres. Harrison as U. S. 

 minister to the Hague, but was recalled the same 

 year by Pres. Tyler. He was chosen, in 1844, the 

 first superintendent of the public schools of New 

 York City, and in this capacity had a controversy 



with Archbishop Hughes in regard to the use of the 

 Bible in schools. His influence for good was felt in 

 the city in many directions. He specially interested 

 himself in the institution for the deaf and dumb and 

 the society for the reformation of juvenile criminals. 

 Mr. Stone died at Saratoga Springs, Aug. 15, 1844. 

 He was a prolific author, especially in the depart- 

 ment of local history. Among his publications were 

 Life of Maria Monk (1836) ; Letters on Animal Mag- 

 netism (1837) ; Life of Joseph Brant (2 vols., 1838 ; 

 later edition by his son, W. L. Stone, 1865) ; Border 

 }\'<irs of the American Revolution (2 vols., 1839) ; Po- 

 etry and History of Wyoming (1841 ; new ed., 1864) ; 

 Life of Red Jacket (1835 ; new edition, with a life of 

 the author, by W. L. Stone, Jr., 1866,) ; and Life of 

 Uncas anil JUinntmiomoh (1842). 



STONEMAN, GEOBGE, general, was born, Aug. 8, 

 1822, at Busti, Chantanqua county, N. Y. In 1840 

 he graduated at W est Point, and was assigned to the 

 First Dragoons. In 1847 he went, as quartermas- 

 ter of the Mormon battalion, to California, and re- 

 mained in active service on the Pacific coast till 1857, 

 when he was promoted captain and ordered to Texas. 

 While in command of Fort Brown, in that State, his 

 superior officer, Gen. D. E. Twiggs (who joined the 

 secessionists, making over to them his army together 

 with the government stores), ordered him to surrender 

 the national property under his charge. This order 

 Stoneman refused to obey, then evacuated the fort 

 and proceeded by sea to New York. In May, 1861, 

 he was advanced to major, and in August to briga- 

 dier-general and chief of cavalry of the Army of the 

 Potomac, commanding this arm during McClellau's 

 Peninsular campaign in 1862. After the capitula- 

 tion of Yorktown his corps overtook the Confeder- 

 ate force, and so brought on the battle of Williams- 

 burg. After the second Bull Bun light, he got the 

 command of Gen. Phil. Kearney's division, and in 

 November, 1862, was made major-general of volun- 

 teers, and put in charge of the Third Army Corps in 

 succession to Gen. S. P. Heintzelman, leading it at 

 Fredericksburg, Dec. 13th. In April and May, 1863, 

 he led a cavalry corps in the raid toward Richmond, 

 and from January till April, 1864, was in command 

 of the Twenty-third Corps. When Gen. Grant re- 

 organized the armies operating before Richmond, 

 Gen. Stoueman was assigned to a cavalry corps iti 

 the Department of the Ohio, and served under 

 Sherman in the Atlantic campaign of 1864, taking 

 an active part in tho operations ; among others, con- 

 ducting a raid for the capture of Macou and Ander- 

 sonville. Being captured on July 31 at Clinton, 

 he was kept a prisoner till Oct. 27. During Febru- 

 ary and March, 1865 he had command of the dis- 

 trict of Eastern Tennessee, and in March and April 

 was leader of an expedition to Asheville, N. C., be- 

 ing engaged at JWytheville, in the capture of Salis- 

 bury, and at Asheville. In June, 1866, he was made 

 colonel of the 21st Infantry, and was brevetted, in 

 succession, colonel, brigadier general, and major- 

 general. In August, 1871, he resigned from the ar- 

 my, and took up his residence in California, of which 

 State he was governor from 1883 till 1887. 



STONE RIVER, OB MUBFBEESBOKO', BATTLE OP. 

 When Gen. Bragg, on crossing the Cumberland River 

 after the battle of Perryville (Oct. 8, 1862), perceived 

 himself no longer pursued, he halted his forces, 

 numbering some 40,000, at Murfreesboro' on the 

 Stone River and the Nashville and Chattanooga Rail- 

 way, about 30 miles S. E. of Nashville. On Oct. 

 27 Gen. W. S. Rosecrans was transferred to the 

 command of the Union Army of the Ohio or Cum- 

 berland, which at this time lay around Bowling 

 Green and Glasgow in Kentucky. On his arriving, 

 on Oct. 30, he found the force in a sadly demoral- 

 ized condition, and reduced in numbers from 100,000 

 to 65,000. With the exception of the city of Nash- 



