f.ll 



STRINGHAM- 8TROSSMATER 



minded increased wages at a time when the business 

 was being conducted with little profit or actual loss, 

 BO that increased expenses would have meant niin ; 

 and employers hare often regarded their workmen as 

 machines, and neglected or refused to allow them 

 anv share in the great profits of a fortunate season. 

 Greater mutual consideration and consequent har- 

 mony may corue through the advance of education, 

 intelligence, and character ; and a definite remedy 

 has been found (whenever wisely tried) in co-opera- 

 tive schemes, which make the operative a partner, 

 however humble, and no longer a mere instrument. 

 Short of this happy climax, which requires large- 

 mindedness if not benevolence in the capitalist, 

 legislation must strive more and more to suppress 

 those aggressions, alike on public welfare and on 

 personal liberty, which cannot be tolerated in a free 

 state. The tyrannies of dictation and the enormities 

 of the boycott, from whatever quarter and in what- 

 ever interest, must be restrained. The abuse of 

 power, whether by walking delegates or by wealthy 

 corporations, is alike incongruous with American 

 ideas. The constant liability to sudden stoppage of 

 the wheels of modern life, of railroad and telegraph 

 and traffic, bv whatever means it is to be averted, 

 cannot be endured much longer. Strikes, lock-outs, 

 and their accompaniments, are the rude resources of 

 an incomplete civilization. (p. M. B.) 



STRINGHAM, SILAS Hoirro* (1798-1876), ad- 

 miral, was born at Middletown, N. I., Nov. 7, 1798. 

 Entering the navy as midshipman in 1809, he took 

 part in the engagement of the frigate President with 

 the Little Belt, and was made lieutenant in 1814. 

 He served in the Algerine war, and afterward along 

 the Slave coast of Africa. In 1821 he was engaged 

 in suppression of piracy in the West Indies. He 

 rose to be captain in 1841, and in the Mexican war 

 took part in the bombardment of Vera Cruz. In 

 1853 he took command of the Mediterranean fleet, 

 and afterward was in charge of the Boston navy- 

 yard until the civil war broke out. He was then 

 summoned to Washington to advise the government 

 in regard to naval afl'.iirs. He was placed in com- 

 mand of the North Atlantic blockading fleet and 

 conducted an expedition to Hatteras Inlet, where 

 two forts surrendered after bombardment, Aug. 29, 

 1861. Ratiring from active service in the following 

 December, he resumed his command of the Boston 

 navy-yard. In 1862 he was promoted rear-admiral 

 on the retired list, and in 1870 was made port -admiral 

 of New York. He died at Brooklyn, Feb. 7, 1876. 



STRONG, GBOBOE CIIOCKETT, a soldier in the civil 

 war, was born, Oct. 16, 1832, in Stockbridge, Vt. 

 His father dying while he was a child, he was 

 brought up by an uncle, A. L. Strong, Northamp- 

 ton, Mass. He entered West Point Military Academy 

 and was graduated in 1857, and a^umed so the ord- 

 nance with the brevet rank of 2d lieutenant. In 

 ha was promoted to 2d lieutenant, and be- 

 came assistant at Watervliet arsenal, West Troy, ris- 

 ing to the command in 1861, when ho became 1st 

 lieutenant. On the outbreak of the civil war he 

 B ' night active service, and was on the staff of Gen. 

 Mi-dowel! as ordnance officer at the first battle of 

 Bull Run, and afterward served in the same capac- 

 ity on the staff of Gen. McClellan. He had in ( M. .- 

 ber, 1861, been appointed assistant adjutant-general 

 of volunteers, with the rank of major, and was en- 

 gaged in the organization of the New Orleans expedi- 

 tion, which he accompanied. In April, 1K62, In- i-oni 

 inaiided the expedition from Slii|> Island to Biloxi, 

 . and in September led the successful expedition 

 to Pontchatonla. where he destroyed a large train 

 and broke, up Jeff. Thompson's headquarters. In 

 November, 1862, he was mode brigadier-general of 

 volunteers and became Butler's chief of staff, bnt in 

 December be wo* compelled to withdraw on sick 



' v York, where ho remained till June, 

 '. having been commissioned captain of ord- 

 nance in the previous March. He commanded a 

 brigade in the operations against Charleston, S. C., 

 and led the successful attack upon Mori-is island, 

 here he was the first to land. While leading the 

 second assault on Fort Wagner, on July 18, and 

 cheering on the storming column, he was mortally 

 wounded, after having gained the parapet of the fort. 

 He was at once removed to New York City, where 

 he died, July 30, 1863. 



STUONG, JAMES, a layman, honorably entitled to 

 the degree of S. T. D.,"was born in New York City, 

 Aug. 14, 1S22. In his youth ho begun the study of 

 medicine, but after graduating at Wesleyan Univer- 

 sity, Middlctoun, in 1S44, he became a teacher. 

 His health failing, he became a farmer, and soon was 

 active in improving the village of Flushing, L. I. 

 Ho had there entered upon a course of Biblical study, 

 and when giving instruction in ancient language^ 1m 

 prepared manuals of their grammar. His first larger 

 work was a Harmony and Exposition of the Gosnelt 

 (1852), originally prepared for the English version, 

 and afterward adapted to the Greek. In 18.~)t'> 1m 

 received the degree of S. T. 1)., and from 1858 to 1861 

 he was professor of Biblical literature in Troy Uni- 

 versity. His series of /.essons for Erery Him tiny in 

 tlie Yrnr, in which he was aided by other writers, 

 was the precursor and model of the Internation- 

 al Sunday school series. In 1868 Dr. Strong was 

 made professor of exegetical theology in Drew Sem- 

 inary at Madison, N. J. He took part in the revi- 

 sion of the English Old Testament. In company with 

 Rev. Dr. John McClintock he prepared the well- 

 known < i f Iii/,Hr<tl, Tlifuli'f/inil, and Eccle- 

 siastical Literature (10 vols., 1867-79). He also . 

 Daniel in SchaflTs edition of Lange's Contmentaiy, 

 and some other Biblical works. 



STROSSMAYER, JOSEPH GEOBGE, Croatian arch- 

 bishop, was born at Essek in Slavonic, Austria, Feb. 

 4, 1815. He was educated at the University of 

 1'esth, obtained the degrees of doctor of philosophy 

 and of theology, and, after having spent some time 

 in the Augustiuian convent at Vienna, was ordained 

 priest in 1838. He was soon made professor in the 

 seminary at Diakovar, then court-chaplain, and in 

 ls-l!> was consecrated bishop. His diocese extended 

 over Croatia and Servia, and he became the head of 

 the Croatian national party in opposition to the 

 Hungarians. Primary instruction was fostered, a 

 seminary established for Bosnians, and a university 

 opened at Agram. Here also an academy was insti- 

 tuted, with a fine gallery of paintings on national 

 subjects and by native artists. A handsome- cathe- 

 dral was erected at Diakovar, and at Rome Arch- 

 bishop Strossmayer caused the ancient Illyriun 

 chapel of San Girolamo to be restored. In the Aus- 

 trian Reichsrath, to which he was elected in 1860, 

 the archbishop favored a federal union of the vari- 

 ous nations and races composing the empire. The 

 Croatian leaders, finding themselves unable to secure 

 home-rule, accepted the compromise offered by the 

 Hungarians giving the Slavonic people representa- 

 tion in the Hungarian diet, and Strossmayer then 

 withdrew from political affairs. At the Vatican 

 Council in 1870 he made open and strenuous resist- 

 ance to the promulgation of the doctrine of papal 

 infallibility, and finally left Rome without accepting 

 the dogma. Even in a later visit to the Holy See 1m 

 persisted in his attitude of ignoring the action of 

 the council. In his efforts to preserve and advance 

 the Croatian national spirit Strossmayer has pub- 

 lished many historical and popular works. The 

 most important is Moniimenta Slavtmarum meriilio- 

 nulium (Rome, 1863). For an interesting sketch of 

 this "Father of his People," see Laveleye's Balkan 

 Peninsula (1887). 



