STEOTHEE STUART. 



615 



STROTHER, DAVID HOOTER (1816-1888), artist, 

 author, and soldier of the civil war, born at Martins- 

 burg, Va. (now W. Va.), Sept. 26, 1816. He studied 

 drawing in Philadelphia, and afterward, under Sam- 

 uel F. B. Morse, in New York. After travelling in 

 the Western States he went, in 1840, to Europe, 

 where he remained 5 years. On his return, in 1845, 

 he studied in New York the art of drawing on wood 

 for engravers, and illustrated some books. From 

 1852 to 1861 he contributed to Harper's Magazine,, 

 under the name "Porte Crayon," a series of illus- 

 trated articles, chiefly on Virginia and the South, 

 some of which appeared in book-form under the 

 title of ninck W<tte>- and Virginin Illustrated. On 

 the outbreak of the civil war he volunteered into 

 the United States service, and was appointed captain 

 and assistant adjutant-general, rising to the colonelcv 

 of the Third West Virginia Cavalry. In 1864 he 

 resigned, and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-gen- 

 eral " for meritorious services." He returned to his 

 home at Berkeley Springs, where for some years he 

 continued to supply sketches to the magazines. In 

 1879 he was appointed consul-general to Mexico, and 

 held the office till 1885. He died at Charleston, W. 

 Va., March 8, 1888. 



STBUVE, Orro WFLHELM, Russian astronomer, 

 was born at Dorpat, Russii, May 7, 1819. There 

 his father, Dr. Wilhelm Struve, became pre-eminent 

 through his researches on double stars, and, by his 

 influence with the Emperor Nicholas, brought about 

 the erection of the Pulkowa Observatory in 1840. 

 As assistant to his father Otto made a catalogue of 

 many hundred double stars, before unknown as snch. 

 His work determining the constant of precession, 

 popularly called the annual amount of motion of 

 the equinox among the stars, won the gold medal of 

 the Royal Astronomical Society in 1850. He has de- 

 termined the parallax of several stars, made a series 

 of observations on the rings of Saturn, has observed 

 several solar eclipses, and hail general charge of the 

 geodetic operations in the Russian Empire. In 1862 

 he succeeded his father as director of the observa- 

 tory. In 1879, acting under the authority of the 

 Russian government, he contracted for a larger re- 

 fractor than any yet made ; witli Alvan Clark A Sons, 

 of Cambridge, Mass., for a 30 inch object-glass; and 

 with Repsolds, of Hamburg, for the mounting. This 

 telescope has been in operation since 1885. (See 

 OBSERVATORIES and TELESCOPES, in the ENCTCIX> 

 P.EDIA BRITANNIC A.) Otto Struve's greatest work, 

 the result of thirty-five years' observations of the 

 double stars, wis published in 1878, in the ninth 

 volume of the Pulkowa Obsej-vatinns. 



STUART, OEOBOE HAT, president of the. U. S. 

 Christian Commission during the civil war, was born 

 at Rose Hall, county Down, Ireland, April 2, 1816. 

 In early manhood he emigrated to America, and set- 

 tled in Philadelphia, entering into mercantile life. 

 He was active in forming the Young Men's Christian 

 Association of that city, and was for many years its 

 president. He also assisted in the national and inter- 

 national organization of these associations. This 

 work, bringing him into contact with representative 

 Christian men of all parts of the country, was a fitting 

 preparation for the work of the Christian Commission, 

 which he undertook when the officers of the Sani- 

 tary Commission refused to become agents of funds 

 for ministering to the religious needs of the soldiers. 

 The great work thus neglected was energetically 

 taken up by Mr. Stuart, and successfully carried 

 through. His labors won the approval of General 

 Grant, and of nearly all the Union generals. After 

 the war Mr. Stuart took up more urgently the cause 

 of Christian union, and in 1867 called and presided 

 over a convention in Philadelphia of delegates from 

 all branches of the Presbyterian Church, to consider 

 a plan of union. Though this convention did not 



succeed in its grand purpose, it certainly prepared 

 the way for the reunion of the Old and New School 

 branches, effected in 1870. Mr. Stuart, however, 

 had still remained an elder in the Reformed Presby- 

 terian, and was subsequently suspended from his 

 office by a synod of that denomination for a techni- 

 cal offence. The sentence, however, remained inop- 

 erative, and Mr. Stuart, with the congregation to 

 which he belonged, eventually joined the Presbyte- 

 rian Church in 1880. He had always been prominent 

 in every movement for the promotion and extension 

 of Christianity, and was an officer in many societies 

 for such purpose. While a merchant he was vice- 

 president of the Mechanics' Bank, and in 1880 ho 

 became president of the newly formed Merchants' 

 Bank. His labors had often been internipted by se- 

 vere attacks of asthma, and in 1888 he was obliged 

 to retire from business. 



STUART, JAMES EWELL BBOWN (1833-1864), a 

 Confederate cavalry officer, was born in Patrick Co., 

 Virginia, Feb. 6, 1833, his grandfather having been 



! an officer in the war of the Revolution and his fa- 

 ther in that of 1812. After spending two years at 

 Emory and Henry College, Salem, Va., he entered 

 the U. S. Military Academy, whence he graduated in 

 1854. At both institutions he was noted for his deep 

 religious convictions. On leaving West Point he 

 joined, as 2d lieutenant, the regiment of mounted 

 riflemen then stationed in Texas, and did good ser- 



! vice against the Apaches. Next year he was trans- 



; ferred, with the same rank, to the First U. S. Cav- 

 alry, which was on duty in Kansas during the bor- 

 der troubles. In this year, also, he married the 



' daughter of Col. Philip St. George, and next month 

 was promoted 1st lieutenant. In 1857 his regiment 

 was engaged in Indian warfare, and he was wounded 

 in an action with the Cheyennes on Solomon's River. 

 Being in Washington in the close of 1859, he vol- 

 untered as aide to Lieut. -Col. Robert E. Lee, in his 

 expedition to Harper's Ferry to quell the John 

 Brown insurrection, and identified its leader as "Os- 

 sawatomie Brown," whom he had known in Kansas. 

 Thereafter he rejoined his regiment, but, obtaining 

 leave of absence in March, 1861, he returned to Vir- 

 ginia, and on the secession of that State resigned 

 his commission. The State authorities forthwith 

 appointed him lieutenant-colonel of Virginia infan- 

 try, and, in July, colonel of cavalry. His first ac- 

 tive service in his new sphere was in screening the 

 movements of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston from Gen. 

 Robert Patterson when he advanced from Winches- 

 ter with re-inforcements for Gen. Beauregard on the 

 eve of the battle of Bull Run. In this fight Col. 

 Stuart greatly distinguished himself by his effective 

 defence of Gen. Jackson's left flank, repulsing the 

 assaulting Union force, and thereby contributing no 

 little to the Confederate victory. For his conduct 

 here, as well as for other services, he was in Sep- 

 tember, 1861, appointed brigadier-general. In the 

 Virginia peninsular campaign he covered Gen. Jos. 

 E. Johnston's rear in his retirement from York- 

 town and Williamsburg. In June, 1862, he was 

 directed by Gen. R. E. Lee (to whom the com- 

 mand of the troops for the defence of Richmond 

 had now fallen) to make a raid round the rear of 

 MeClellan's army, now lying on the Chickahominy, 

 inflicting as much damage on it as possible, and de- 

 termining the position of its left. On June 12th he 

 sallied out of the Confederate lines before Rich- 

 mond at the head of 1200 men and some light artil- 

 lery, and in the course of three days passed entirely 

 around the Army of the Potomac, destroying a large 

 amount of stores at Tnnstall's Station near MeClel- 

 lan's base of supplies at the White House, recross- 

 ing the Chickahominy by a ruined bridge, and re- 

 turning up the James to Richmond, with McClellan's 

 forces on his one flank and the Union gun-boats on 



