CIS 



STURGIS-SUGAR 



ippi and other southern rivers, nnd attains a length arrangement, however, wn* rot satisfactory to tho 



of 5 feet. It is not highly vnltu>J as a food-fish. Dutch, who declared he " had ceded away territory 



Large as are some of our A'merican sturgeons, they enough to found fifty colonies, each iifty mile's 



are surpassed in size by certain species of Europo. square." In Idl the Dutch built I'Wt (Vimir, on 



One species of the river-systems of the Black anil ( 'as- the Delaware Hiver (tlien culled the So nth Kivcr in 



pian seas is said to sometimes attain a length of 'JO to eontndMtinction to tlie Hudson or North Kiveri, 



25 feet, and a weight of nearly 3<KK) Ibs. (c. M.) which the Swede* claimed to beau encroachm, 



STUBO1S, SAMCETJ DAVIS, general, was born nt Ifair rigbta, aad, luideY their gcnreraor, Binog, capt- 



Shippensbnrg, Pa., Juiiell, 1822. Entering the V. urcd the fort in lii.'ij. Next year Siuyvisant sailed 



S. Military Academy in 1842, ho was graduated and 



Sromoted as 2d lieutenant. Second Dragoons, in 

 846. During his service in Mexico he was capt- 

 ured near Buena Vista, February 20, 1847, two days 



up the Delaware, with 7 vessels und 600 or 700 men, 

 and took possession of tho whole settlement of New 

 Sweden. For the next ten years there was unbroken 

 pearo on tho exterior, but discontent began to show 



before the battle, and was not released until eight itself ut home. In 105.'! n convention of two dele- 

 days after. Ho served after tho Mexican war at gates from each village in the colony demanded that 

 Jefferson Barracks and Fort Leavenworth, and en- j" no new laws shall l>e enacted but with the con- 

 gaged in Indian warfare from 1854 to 1857, especially sent of the people ; that none shall be appointed to 

 with the Apaches, and was promoted to captain, office but with tho approbation of the people j that 

 First Cavalry, in 1855. He continued on frontier , obscure and obsolete laws shall never bo rr\ived.'" 

 duty until the opening of tho civil war, and became Stuyvesaiit indignantly ordered tho convention to 

 major of the First Cavalry, iu August, 18G1. Ho was disperse on pain of condign punishment, haughtily 

 distinguished in the battles of Dug Spring, Mo., and replying: " We derive our authority from Clod and 

 of Wilson's Creek in August, 1861, under Gen. I the Company, not from, a few ignorant subjects.'' 



Nathaniel Lyon, whom he succeeded in tho com- 

 mand when that general fell. Ho received the 

 brevet of lieutenant-colonel for services in thoso bat- 



The embers of discontent, however, continued to 

 smoulder, and encroachments from abroad <:. 

 further harass the governor. In 1664 Charles II. 



ties, and was mode brigadier-general of volunteers, i granted to his brother, the Duke of York (afterwaid 

 Aug. 10, 1861. He was in command of the dc- 1 James II.), all the territory from the Connecticut 

 fences of Washington from May to August, 1862, Biver to the shores of tho Delaware, and four English 



fought in the second battle of Bull Bun, Aug. 29, 

 1862, and was with the Army of the Potomac at 

 South Mountain, and at the battle of Antictain. In 

 the battlo of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862, he com- 

 manded tho second division of tho Ninth Army 

 Corps, and for his conduct there was brevetted colo- 

 nel. Constantly active in military operations, ho 

 was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in October, 1863, 

 and took part in the military operations in East 

 Tennessee, in the fall of that year and the beginning 

 of the next. Hero his restless activity found abun- 

 dant occupation, especially in conflict with Gen. 

 N. B. Forrest, against whom ho was successful. At 

 the close of the war he was brevetted m.ijor-gen- 

 eral in the regular army. Ho was mustered out of 

 the volunteer service in August, 1865, and was 

 thereafter engaged on frontier duty, becoming the 

 colonel of the Seventh Cavali-y in May, 186'.). Ho 



war-ships, under Captain Richard Nicholls, bearing 

 450 men, appeared in August iu the bay, and de- 

 manded tho surrender of the city of New Amsterdam. 

 Stuyvesaiit sent a defiant answer to Nicholls and pre- 

 pared for resistance. But the municipal authorities, 

 seeing little hope of successful defence and being but 

 indifferently disposed toward their Dutch masters, 

 insisted on yielding, and on Sept. i), 1(><>4, a treaty 

 ned a> S:uyvesant's house, on his farm or fcoir- 

 rrv, by which tho city was surrendered to the Eng- 

 lish. Its name was forthwith changed to New York, 

 and tho designation soon extended to the whole 

 province. Stuyvesant went next year to Holland to 

 report to his superiors, but soon after returned to 

 his farm, whose name still survives in the lioirery, 

 New Yo:k city. There, iu the country, he ) 

 the remaining 18 years of his life, dying in August, 

 1682. Ho was buried in the vault of a chapel, lie- 



nerved as superintendent of the recruiting service in longing to the Keformed Dutch Church, that he hail 



St. Louis in 1874, and commanded on the Yellow- erected ou his grounds. Its site is now occupied 



stone expedition from May to October, 1877. He by St. Mark's Episcopal Church on the comer of 



was placed on the retired list of the army on Juno Stnyvesant Street and Second Avenue, where his 



18, 1886. 

 BTUYVE8ANT, 



l'iTi:it, director-general of the 



New Netherlands, was born in Holland in 1(102, his 

 father being a Frisian clergyman. Ho served in tho 

 West Indies, was director of Curaeoa, lost a leg in 

 an attack on the Portugese island of St. Martin, 

 and then returned to Holland. The lluteh West 

 India Company next api>ointcd him director-general 

 of the New Netherlands, where he arrived in 1617, 

 forthwith establishing a court of justice and, in def- 

 to tin- popular will, ordering a general elec- 

 tion of 18 delegates, from whom he selected his 

 advisory council. Toward the Indians, whom his 

 predecessor, William Kieft, had provoked to hostil- 

 ities, ho adopted a policy of conciliation, ami ear- 

 nestly endeavored to improve their condition as well 

 as that of the colonists generally, by the introduc- 

 tion of well-meant reforms. He' prohibited the sale 

 of liquor as well as of flre arms to the savages, en- 

 f'li.'.-d a rigid observance of Sunday, erected a better 

 clans of hoones and taverns, founded a public, school, 

 and established a market and annual cattle fair. In 

 16.10 lie met the New England commissioners at 

 Hartford, and with them arranged a line of partition 

 between the Dutch and English territories, which 

 Lad been hitherto in dispute. His conduct of tho 





gravestone, bearing an inscription, is to be seen built 

 into tho wall. His dwelling-house was destroyed by 

 fire in 1777. 



SUGAIi. Tho etymology of the word "sugar" 

 points to a Hindu origin, the foim of 

 f c< V-.' 1 , ,**--,' ""' W( " 1 ! in Btnacrit being *i,-k<ir<i, 



whence it, may be tiaced in differing 

 forms through all the Aryan lan- 

 guages. It is doubtful, however, if all these i 

 originally referred to thu same product, since 

 does not appear to have been known in the ancient 

 European world, though it was probably in use from 

 a remote period in India and China. The seet 

 substance known as sugar is principally of vegetable 

 origin, but occurs to some extent in animals. It ia 

 soluble in water, generally crystallizable, neutral to 

 vegetable colors, and is an organic chemical com- 

 pound of Carbon with Hydrogen and Oxygen in tho 

 proportionato form water; that is, 2 parts of Hydro- 

 gen to 1 of Oxygen. There arc two generically dis- 

 tinct sugars : The Saccharoses or Sucroses, O,,Hi,Oi , ; 

 and tho Glucoses, O.H.iO,. The latter, which are 

 much less sweet than the former, huv been already 

 I (see GLCCOSK). The former, Saccharose or 

 Sucrose, ordinarily known as Cane-sugar, comprise 

 several varieties, differing in taste and appearance, 



