SULLIVAN - SULLY. 



621 



The figures for successive years are as follows : 



1851 ......................... 



1SIKI ......................... 6.M,tv,,li!T 



1S70 ......................... l,HHi.7^3,o9 



1SS2 



,,. 

 l,94i',,74.\5 " 



1S85 



The sugar produced from otlier sources in (he 

 United States was, iu 1883, as follows : Maple. 41,- 

 410,00 ) Ibs. ; beet-root, 1,311,000 Ibs. ; Burgh nm, 

 890,000 ll>s ; while the total consumption 1ms grown 

 from <)17,109 tons, in 1SO, to 1,389.125 tons, or o,lll,- 

 040,00(1 Ibs., in 18S<>, the latter being a consumption 

 of .>!.3 His. per capita of population. In mldi.ion to 

 the quantity cousumed there were e::por.ed from the 

 United State*, in 1886, 175,836,220 ibs., almost en- 

 tirely composed of sugar relined from imported 

 sugars. Tne sugar refilling process in tlu United 

 S.utes has of late years grown to enormous propor- 

 tions, and forms one of our mo3t important indus- 

 tries. 



Tlie total world's product of sn^ar was estimated 

 spme years ago at 3,500,000,000 Ibs. (which has sinco 

 more than doubled), of which 66.47 per cent, was 

 cane, 27.87 beet, 4.29 palm, and 1.28 maple. Of 

 this sugar the greatest consumers are peoples of tho 

 Gothic and Teutonic stock, the English and their 

 off -hoots being the highest. This group consumes 

 2,4(50,000 tons annually ; the Latin group not moi-o 

 than 465,000 tons ; and the Slavonic, 2u5,000 tons. 

 The annual consumption of English-speaking peoples 

 is about 1,850,0^)0 tons. (<;. M.) 



SULLIVAN, Sin AUT HUB SEYMOUR, an English com- 

 poser, was born in London, May 13, 1812. His fath- 

 er was professor at Kneller Hall, the training-school 

 of the British military bands. The sou was in boy- 

 hood chorister in the Chapel Royal, St. James's, and 

 at the age of 14 competed successfully for the Men- 

 delssohn scholarship. He studied under Bennett 

 ami Goss, and afterward at the Leipsic conservatory. 

 He returned in 1801. bringing music forShakes))eare'a 

 Tempest. His next work was the cantata Kenitirorth, 

 for the Birmingham Festival of 18til. Thon followed 

 various overtures and oratorios, among which were 

 The P>;,ai<i<il S-,i (1868) and T/u, Li<jht of the \Vo/-l<l 

 (1873). Meantime he had also commenced the se- 

 ries of operettas by which ho is most widely known. 

 Tlie first of these was Cox ami Ji'ir (1806) ; more 

 ^ful were the Trial by Jury (1875) and The Sor- 

 cjrei- (1877). In these he was first associated with 

 Mr. William S. Gilbert, who devised the dramatic 

 parts, while Mr. Sullivan composed the music. Tho 

 success of these operas was completely eclipsed by 

 tin- authors' next joint labor, H. M. S. Pinafore 

 (1878), which soon passed around the world, with 

 constantly increasing applause. Thz Pirates of Pen- 

 zance (1879) was a remarkable second to the forego- 

 ing. Then came Patience (1881) and lolanthe (1882), 

 with great popularity assured by the authors' fame, 

 but not increasing it. For his contributions to sa- 

 cred music the University of Cambridge conferred 

 npon Sullivan the degree of doctor in music in 

 1876, and Oxford gave the same degree in 1879. In 

 1883 the Queen conferred upon him the rank of 

 knighthood. From 1876 to 1881 he was principal of 

 the National Training School of Music. In his song- 

 writing he has attained greater popularity than any 

 other composer. 



SULLIVAN, JOHN (1740-1795), a general of the 

 Revolutionary war, was born in 1740 at Somersworth, 

 N. II. Till called to take up arms he practised law 

 successfully at Durham, N. H., and was elected a dele- 

 gate to represent his State in the first Continental 

 Congress at Philadelphia, in 1774. Returned to the 



sofond Congress, he was appointed by it in June, 

 1775, a brigadier-general, and proceeded at once to 

 the field. Here, proving himself brave, discreet, 

 niul skilful, he was quickly promoted to major- 

 general. At the siege of Boston he was next in 

 command to Gen. Lee, and in the battle of Long 

 Island, when Gen. Greene was disabled. Sullivan 

 succeeded to the command of his division. Acting, 

 subsequently, under the immediate eye of Washing- 

 ton, he gained the great leader's confidence by his 

 conduct iu the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandy- 

 wine, and German town. In 1778 he was assigned 

 to the command of the forces in Rhode Island, and 

 stood ready to net in concert with the Frenci. fleet 

 under Comted'Estaing in an attack upon the liritish 

 nt Newport when the project was defeated by the re- 

 tirement of the count on the appeaiance of the 

 British fleet. After repulsing an attack of the ene- 

 my, Sullivan withdrew his troops with such skill and 

 success as to earn the thanks of Congress. 



In 1771) Ci mgress was aroused by the massacres 

 in Wyoming and Cherry Valley, perpetrated by tho 

 tiil.es of the Six Nations (Iroquois), and Washing- 

 ton determined to send a strong force under a reso- 

 lute loader to take vengeance, and at the same timo 

 destroy a source of support for the enemy. Sullivan 

 received the command, and, June 18, set out from 

 L'aston on his toilsome inarch. On Aug. 29 he 

 I came npon the Indians, with some British and 

 Tories, under Joseph Brant (q. >.), intrenched at 

 i Newtown (Elmira). These he, afte* a struggle, dis- 

 j j ersed, and thereafter set himself to the work of 

 devastation. Forty villages were burned down, crops 

 and orchards destroyed everywhere, and many sav- 

 ages slain. On Oct. 13 he returned to Easton, with 

 only trifling loss. In 1779 Gen. Sullivan retired 

 from the army and returned to his practice in Dur- 

 ham. Here he was the recipient of many honors 

 from his native State, being chosen its delegate to 

 Congress, its attorney-general, and thiee times its 

 president. In 1789 he was appointed by Washing- 

 ton judge of the United States court of New Hamp- 

 shire, which office he held till his death, in 1795. 



SULLY, JAMES, an English psychologist, was 

 born at Bridgewater, Somersetshire, in 1842. He 

 was educated at the Independent College, Taunton, 

 the Regent's Park College, London, and graduated 

 at the University of London in I860. He afterward 

 studied at the University of Gottingen, and in 1871 

 I entered on a literary career. He has contributed to 

 , the Fwtniglitly and Westminster Reviews, and is the 

 author of several articles in the ninth edition of the 

 ENCYCLOPEDIA BKITANNICA. Among his separate 

 works are Sensations and Intuitiims (1874) ; Pent- 

 mism : a History and a Criticism (1877) ; An Introduo- 

 | tiun to Psychology (1883). 



SULLY, THOMAS (1783-1872), painter, was born at 

 l Horncastle, Lincolnshire, England, in June, 1783. 

 i His parents removed to the United States in 1792, 

 ' and he began to paint at Charleston, S. C. In 1803 

 ' he went to Richmond, Va., then to New York, and 

 afterward to Philadelphia, painting portraits in each 

 of those cities. In 1837 he visited England to paint 

 Queen Victoria in her coronation robes. This paint- 

 ing is owned by the St. George's Society of Phila- 

 delphia, and was lent by the society for the celebra- 

 tion of the Queen's Jubilee in 1887. Other noted 

 portraits by Sully are thoca of Jefferson, now at West 

 Point, of Lafayette, of Decatur, of Fanny Kemble 

 Butler, of Dr. Benjamin Rush, and of George Fred- 

 eric Cooke. His Washington Crossing the Delaware, 

 now in Boston, has been popularized by engravings. 

 Sully illustrated some books, but his fame rests on 

 his portraits. He died in Philadelphia, Nov. 5, 

 i 1872. 



His son, ALFRED SULLY (1821-1879), graduated at 

 West Point in 1841, and served in the Florida and 



