C2t 



SOINF.n -SITERIOR. 



major-general in the- regular army. At Antietam ho 

 led Hooker in command i>f the I'nioii right, 

 anil gained the iiinin successes in the fight, though 

 again wounded. Hi- commanded one of tlic three 

 grand divisions of Burnside's nnny at Frcdericks- 

 bnrg. and WAS assigned to inaki> tin* disasti< 

 tacks on Marye's Heighto, Dec. 13, 1N02. At his own 

 request ho w:.s relieved in l.sc.:!, nnd was ordered I 

 the Department of tin- Missouri. Ho wns on liis 

 way thither when he dird at Syracuse. N. \ , Much 

 21, 1863. His Ron, bearing tlio samo name, is a col- 

 onel in the regular nnny. 



SUMN'KIJ, WIU.TAM GRMIAM, economist, was born 

 at Paterson, N. J., Oct. 30, 1840. After graduating 

 he went abroad, and pursued his 

 studies ut Goitingcn and Oxford. He was an in- 

 structor at Yale from I860 to 1869. Having taken 

 orders in the Episcopal Church in 1867, ho went to 

 New York, 1809, as assistant minister to Dr. Wash- 

 burn of Calvary Church, and editor of The Living 

 rknrcli. After a brief season of pastoral duty at 

 Morristown, X. J., flaring which h translated 

 Lange's Commentmy on the S*'ninl Ilmk if King* 

 , he was called back to Yale in 1872 as pro- 

 fessor of political and social science. In (Ids post ho 

 lias been active and successful, inaugurating a pc- 

 cial library for tlio use of his classes, and supple- 

 menting tlie immediate duties of his chair by fre- 

 qneut publications and continual contributions to 

 periodicals. With great earnest ness and cogency ho 

 protests against what he considers economic heresies 

 of tlio day, and argues for tlio ideas ho has adopted 

 free-trade, a gold standard, and the l<iissez-f<iire 

 principle. His Amaru-mi Fin 'inf. (1874), with other 

 papers, was contributed to tlio IVoMOOtotu of the 

 Social Science Association. His chief publications 

 are: History of American Currency (1874) ; Ltctttret 

 on the Biliary of Protection in tlii 1'iiitwl Mutes (1875) ; 

 Andrew Jnckxnn in the American Statesmen series 

 (1882) ; What Social n<isxex Oire to Rich Other (1883) ; 

 Economic Problems (1884) ; Ax.sv/vs in. Political ami 

 S icinl, Science (1885) ; and Protectionism (1885). Hav- 

 ing made large plans of work for some years to come, 

 he has mainly suspended his activities outside tho 

 college. 



SUMTER, THOMAS (1734-1832), major-general in 

 tho Revolution, was born in Virginia in 1734. Ho 

 volunteered against the French in 1750, and was 

 present at Braddock's defeat. He afterward re- 

 moved to the upper part of South Carolina, and there, 

 fought with the ChiTokees. On tho outbreak of tho 

 Revolutionary war he was made lieutenant-colonel of 

 riflemen, and was engaged chiefly against the Tories. 

 After the capture of Charleston by tjio British, in 

 May, 1780, Col. Smnter took refuge at first on tho 

 Hwanips of the Santa, and later in North Carolina. 

 In July ho returned and routed a force in tho 

 Cutawba. killing both the British and Tory com- 

 manders. He was then made brigadier-general and, 

 on Aug 6, won another victory at Hanging Rock, 

 but on the 18th was routed by Col. Tarloton. How- 

 ever, he continued to harass the enomy until late in 

 November, when he was severely wounded. In the 

 following February he resumed his operations, and 

 co-operated with Marion until the close of the war. 

 He was a member of the State convention which 

 ratified the U. S. Constitution, and was elected to 

 the first Congress under it. lie served as a repre- 

 sentative eight yearn, and in 1801 was chosen I'. S. 

 senator. Retiring in 1810, he resided on his 

 near Camden, S. C., until his death, June 1, 1832. 



SUNDAY. See SABBATH. 



SUNFLOWER, a common American plant of the 

 order Compotitat, genus Hdiunthta, of which there 

 are about fifty species in North America. The genus 

 includes annuals and herbivorous perennials, with 

 rough sterna and foliage, some species bearing tu- 



Sunflowcr. 



hers. The common Sunflower, IT'-t'inlhnf nnnntis, has 

 a Hat fl mil ren p'ade i.f from li indies to a foot and 

 more in diameter. It 

 nhouy yellow, marginal ray 

 ll >\M-IS, while the disk is 

 clouded with brownish tu- 

 bular ones. 'J'li.. prevailing 

 idea that theSuntlow. 

 called from its presenting 

 i:s iloral disk to the sun is 

 an cnor. It derived its 

 name from its resemhlancn 

 to representations of tho 

 sun with a ciide ot 

 The perennial species Imvo 

 niuchsmallcrand often veiy 

 ornamental flowers, 

 varieties are double, tho 

 disk flowers developing in 

 the same form a* the ray. 

 ff. miiFt-ftorits produces in lute, summer double flow- 

 ers which present a close resemblance to the dahlia, 

 and are very ornamental for garden purposes. Cali- 

 fornia lias a species with very large double flowers, 

 one of the best adapted to garden cultivation. 



If. itiiiiini-i is now cultivated in most parts of the 

 world, being laised in some parts of Southern I'.u- 

 . a field crop. The numerous large seeds 

 which are borne closely crowded on the disk are n-e- 

 ful as food for cattle mid poultry, and yield a IHIJIO 

 percentage of excellent oil, little inferior tooii. 

 An acre of good land will sometimes produce .".') 

 bushels of seed, yielding ";() gallons of oil. The Am- 

 erican Indians make bread of the seeds. The flowers 

 abound in honey and are much visited by bees, whilo 

 the leaves are useful as fodder, and tho stems, which 

 \ield much potash, are used as fuel. In some parts 

 of Europe a bouilli is made of the seeds as food for 

 infants. Sunflowers are supposed to destroy malarial 

 conditions and prevent miasmatic fevers, and they 

 are planted in many places for this purpose. Tho 

 pith is used sometimes instead of the trim nievi. 

 Sunflowers are. not cultivated largely for commercial 

 purposes in America, and seem injurious to the. soil 

 from their largo absorption of potash. One of tho 

 tuberous species is the well-known Jerusalem Arti- 

 choke, called Jerusalem from a corruption of tho 

 Italian word r//msr</<', and Artichoke from the resem- 

 blance in flavor of its tuber to tho true artichoke. 

 SI" I'ERIOR, LAKE, is the highest and most north- 

 ern of tho chain of Great Lakes, and the largest, body 

 of fresh water in tho world. The shape is somewhat 

 triangular, with the. apex turned toward the v> 

 The length is :JM> miles; the average widih, NO miles. 

 The circuit is 1500 miles, and the ale:, [| :;-J,()00 

 I square miles. Tim elevation above the level of tho 

 i, (ili7 feet, and the el e\ at ion above Lake Union, 

 the next lower in the chain of lakes, is !'. feet. The 

 elevation above Lake Huron is shown in St. Mary's 

 river, tho outlet of Superior, where a series of rapids 

 formerly obstructed navigation. But of late a ship- 

 canal about the falls of St. Mary has given ae. 

 Lake Superior for the largest ciaft upon the lower 

 lakes. 



The basin of tho lake is not as interesting as the 

 basin of Luke Ontario, either as to geological or to- 

 pographical features (see ONTARIO). Lakes Huron 

 and Michigan lie in the basin of the Devonian lakes, 

 while Green Bay, an arm of Lake Michigan, belongs 

 to the lower Silurian lakes. What are known as the 

 Niagara rocks turn eastward from Green Hay to tho 

 f Lake Erie, closing a geological and hydro- 

 logical circle around the peninsula of Michigan. 

 This forms the Devonian basin above noted : and in 

 a third basin, excavated from the same swales, and 

 thrown to the east by the great anticlinal which con- 

 . Bucta Detroit and Cincinnati, lie the waters of Lake 



