698 



SLTPE - SURGERY. 



in Ishpeming sent * small cargo of ore to the Penn- 

 sylvania fu i ::: Jackson mine lm<l made 

 several small shipments in previous years. 1 

 the Luke Superior, anil in 1 v,| the Lake Angeline, 

 mines were added to tin' list uf producers; and since, 

 ti.v mini's li:ivi> np|ieur<-d each year DU tin- list 

 of shippers. In 1877 MM first ore was ship|>ed from 

 tin' Menominoo ran^', utul in 1SS4 small shipments 

 were mada from the (i >_;oliie and Vermilion iron 

 range mines. Oat of a grand total of :!."i,5.V.i,(X)<l 

 tons of iron ore shipped from tho en tiro Lake Supe- 

 rior district since 18 1 tli- M:u m"'?o county mines 

 have furnished l! "i.l 1 ) til)! tons; and of this amount 

 four mines (the. t'leveland, Jackson, Lako Superior, 

 and K -public) have furnished over one-half. The 

 ior is tin> largest iron mine in the world, 

 with the Cleveland second. 



The grain of the great Northwest has, of late years, 

 sought an outlet to market through tha harbor of 

 Dilliith (/. r.), tin! eastern terminus of the Northern 

 Pacific R.iilway. Tbi city, which now contains about 

 10,030 inhabitants, i-i upon a bay which has been ar- 

 titioially protected by 2 miles of breakwater. The 

 early commerce of the Lake was conducted in small 

 iers whose - -1 1 >ni e\e -eded 10 tons. 



Thn largest vessel in 1818 had a capacity of 13o tons. 

 In 1852 the commerce of Like Superior had increas- 

 ed to such importance as to necessitate the improve- 

 ment of the St. Mary's river. The improvement in- 

 cluded the digging of a canal, witli locks, around tho 

 Bault St. Mary. The locks ware sufficiently deep to 

 pass vessels drawing 11 feet of water. In view of tho 

 possible increase of commerce on the upper Lake 

 there was sufficient area b. 'tween the gates of the 

 locks to admit several vessels at once. It was sup- 

 posed that this lock (opaned in 18.V>) would I 



tha future traffic of Like Superior, but in lesi 

 than 10 years it could not accommodate tho in- 

 creasing traffic. Another lock was coustrucir 

 feet long and 80 feat wide, an 1 with 17 feet, of water 

 on its mitro-silli. It was op.-ued for traffic in is*!. 

 The maximum ca;> if- is per day. The 



new lock of the canal, constructed on tho site of tha 

 original canal, is 800 feet wide, and it has 21 feet of 

 water on the mitre-sill. 



The life of the lake traffic is tha up- cargo, which 

 uniformly consists of coal. This product is brought 

 to Buffalo from the anthracite min >s of Pennsylva- 

 nia, and to Toledo ami Cleveland from tho bitumi- 

 nous mines of Ohio. This furnishing of coal for up- 

 eargoes gives the Am -ri,- n- a threat advantage over 

 the Canadians ; and tho latter, after spending many 

 millions to draw the trade of the up;- 

 Montreal through th-i Wolland and St. Lawn-nee 

 canals, have failed to divert it bi-i-amj their pi- 

 are chiefly imported goods not to the lif.t 

 of minors and grain-growers. Tho enlarging of tho 

 St. M.iry's canal Ins resulted in tho building of a 

 ni'i -h larger class of veneU tlia-i it is possible to 

 pass through the two Ca i ils. 



A grain -boat, launched in lss7. draws, when empty, 

 about 5 feet of wa'er, ami 00 '00. It is'a 



three-docked steam-ship with a hull of steel, pro- 

 pelled by compound engines. The ship carries 2,800 

 tons of cargo and fuel on a draught of 15J feet, 

 and with this load will run 16 miles an hour. The 

 length over all is 357 feet; depth, 25 J feet; beam, 

 41 feet. An iron or steel steamer of ordinary size, 

 strong and sea worthy, and with great towing power, 

 to carry 75,000 bushels of wheat and tow 3 consorts, 

 costs about $175,000. A wooden screw steamer, of 

 the same carrying capacity and towing power, costs 

 about 8125,000. A wooden schooner to carry 75,000 

 bushels of wheat, or 2150 tons, costs about '875,000. 

 A steel steamer and four consorts, as now built, repre- 

 sent about 8475,000. The five ships carry the wheat 

 that grew on 22,000 acres of productive wheat land in 



Dakota. This nmonnt is sufficient to load 24 freight 

 trains of :;<l cars each, and each car carrying 

 bushels, and it would load nearly fiO canal -boats. 

 Wheat can be can ied by this method from Ihiluth 

 to I'.uffalo, a distance of 880 mil per 



bushel ; and this rate is profitable if an up-oargo 

 an be si-cured. The stati . of 



the season of 1888 show that > ions of 



freight had been carried through the St. Mary's 



il since the opening of navigation, a gain of 

 1,000,000 tons or more over any foi merycar. Thus in 

 six months (the season of navigation) as much freight 

 was taken over this fresh-water unite as passed 

 through the Suez canal in twelve months. The av- 



distance this vast quantity of ore, coal, wi 

 flour, ami other freights is carried by the vessels in 

 which it passes through the eanal at St. Maiv'sis es- 

 timated to lie not less than Clio miles. '1 his i 

 a total freight im^eirent equivalent to the ti:;: 

 tation of :i.UI!ll,<M'll,(;(K) tons one mile, for the whole 

 season of navigation. In 1087 the entire fiei^ht bnsi- 

 all the lailronds of New Ki. gland was ecjual 

 to tho tiaiisportaticii one mile of 2,141,688,000 tons. 

 The tonnage of all the lailmuls in the two Caio- 

 linas, Florida, Mississippi, Arkansas. Coloiado, Ore- 

 gon, and Georgia may be added before the total 

 reaches the volume of trnfTc In in Lake Su pel ior 

 through tho St. Mary's river in si.\ months. 



(F. O. M.) 



SUPPE, FRANZ VON, Austrian musician of Belgian 

 descent, was bora at S] alato, Dalmatia, April 18, 



l.SJO. He was edncati d at the 1'nive] sity of Padua, 

 studied music at Vienna, aiul beciime a conductor at 

 Preslmrg, but afterward removed to Vicuna. He 

 has composed n:any masses, symphonies, and quar- 

 tets. < )!' his n\ -enures. 7>,,'/,t> ) lil.il Huiitr is the best 



known, lie has also composed many opeias, includ- 

 ing M's M&dtken nun l.<ii/ (1H47) ; 7-V<m.- 

 /,-;/ (isc.ii ; SchStie Galatea (let 1.S6C) ; 



r*<il>dl<t (1NW); FotiniUu (187(5); Borcnccio (1879) ; 

 Jtnnnn ./miiiiin (18HO). J-"niiitiUit has been produced 

 in Engl:ind and Amciiea. 



SlliGERY, AMKIIICAN. The history of surpory 



in America begir.s during the latter 



sV^Vol. XXIL j ]nlf of tl)e ] ust ( .,,,,tuiy. liefoie that 



1' "iT_, \ ' ' time there were capable practitioners, 

 AIM. net), j. . . , * . . . 



men of pnat \igor and originality of 



it, and large practical wisdom, but there \vero 

 none who could be classed as surgeons, certainly no 

 great surgeons. The medical men of one hundred 

 years ago were those who fhst gave distinction, in 



M of tho civili/.ed woild, to the teaching and 

 practice of surgery on this continent, and the histmy 

 of surgery is really the history of their lives and 

 achievements. Sydney Smith asked, in No. Ixv. 

 (January, 1820) of the Kdiiilmriih /iVri-'ir, "What 

 -world yet owe to American physicians or 



i,s ? r ' I-'.M n at that date the question was one 

 which could have been answered with pride by any- 

 one familiar with the records of surgery in An 

 and at the present day the briefest enumeration of 

 the valuable additions to surgical knowledge made 

 by American surgeons would for exceed the limits of 

 this article. 



In the last half of the eighteenth century there 

 flourished in America a number of distinguished 

 men whoso names are now familiar to surgeons 

 throughout the world. Chief among these was Dr. 

 Benjamin Bush, who, although he did not perform 

 any great surgical operations, had acted as surgeon- 



.1 to one of the divisions of the Revolutionary 

 army and had left in that capacity a most creditable 

 record. In those days, as at the present time, med- 

 ical men in America occupied the highest social 

 rank. Dr. Hush, with others of his professional con- 

 temporaries, left his mark not only upon the snidery 

 | and medicine of that period but upon the general 



