640 



TAINE-TAl.r. 



TAIXE, Hirpoi.TTK ADOI.PIIE. French critic and 

 literary historian, was born at Vouziers, April 21. 1 vj*. 

 Before he left school he was marked as dnHMd t<> 

 achieve distinction. At the College Bourbon he 

 pained the prize for rhetoric in 1*17 and in tin 1 ncxi 

 year was at the head of those atlinittc<l to the Normal 

 . .it F.irk In ls:;i he received the derive of 

 doctor in letters, having presented ii Latin tli 

 I'rrtniia I'lulniiicin and a French Kxiuti *nr la fulilrx 

 dr. Isi Fnutiiiiif. He (lien turned from the career of 

 university te.tchiiii.'. which was o|>on to him, and de- 

 iiinisclf lo authorship. His AntMT Tite Lire 

 WMS clowned by the French Academy. and his 

 I/.;/'"/-' <in.r KIWI dit I'yrfitta (185.)) achieved great 



popularity. 



His I'/iiliuophes fran^nii du XlXmc Slide (18.%} 

 i attack mi tlie system of education pmoribed 

 by tlie government In 1863 he was appointed exam- 

 iner in liier.iliire for the military school of St. Cyr. 

 aii'l in ihc next year professor of the history of art 

 and aesthetics at the Kcole dcs Beaux Arts. _ In the 

 Kinie year appeared his essays on English idealism 

 with Qarlyle a its exemplar, and English Positivism, 

 with John Stuart Mill. These prepared the way for 

 the work by which he is l>ost known to the English- 

 speaking world, Hatoire de. In Littfrntnrr. anglnite 



yvuls .). His brilliant sketch of the development of 

 nirlish literature and masterly criticism of its grand 

 array of authors and their works would have sufficed 

 to give it fame. But beyond and beneath, permeating 

 and modifying all his research and statements. was the 

 doctrine that the great authors, instead of being lead- 

 ers of the thought ol' their a.-e. were ralher the prod- 

 uct of its movement. The versatile jrcnins of Shakes- 

 peare, the lolly verse of Milton, the correctness of 

 I'ope, the cynicism and even the madness of Swift, 

 the romance of Sir Walter Scott, and the sweetness 

 of Tennyson, are all attributed more to their physical 

 and social environment than to individual originality. 

 To the same effect he labored in his I'hiltunphit dc 

 Tnrt (I8l>.'>), in VnyaffetM Jtnlie (2 vols., 1866). and in 

 other works, brilliant in thought and style. In 1871 

 he delivered courses of lectures in England and re- 

 reived from the I'nivcrsity of Oxford the degree of 

 I). C. L. His closer view-, of England and its institu- 

 tions were given in his Nnlrt *nr I' Anij/rterre (1*72). 

 which, like his other books of travel, has been i-ned 

 in handsomely illnstnited editions. Still more impor- 

 tant than any of his preceilini: works was his great 

 historical and political study of his own country, Ori- 

 ginn dr. In Prime* ('niitriiinnrnliii: 'i'o this belong 



/, . I, (.-/., I li'ijiliK (l>Tl'i); Ll it'-l-n/illliill (I87S); Jsl 



('nii<[iitt: JiKiil>iiie (Ifri8l). In these works, while he 

 depicted with unsparing hand the evils of (he feudal 

 despotism, he showed as little favor to the blood- 

 thirsty democracy by which they were overthrown. 

 The work, during its progress, was accepted as a par- 

 tial defence of the monarchical system, and Taine, who 

 had been rejected by the conservative Academy in 

 18C4, just after the publication of his work on English 

 literature, and airain in 1S74, was in 1878 admitted 

 among the Forty Immortals. 



'I'AIT, AiiriiiBALU CA.MIMIEU, (1*11-1882), pri- 

 mate of England, was born at Edinburgh, Dec. -'2, 

 1811, and educated at the Hi.L'h School there. He 

 graduated at Glasgow University in 1S27 and at Bal- 

 Bol Collene. Oxford, in IH.'ii), where he became a Fel- 

 low and tutor. He opposed the new "Oxford move- 

 ment," and with three others published a protest 

 against Newman's famous Tract No 90. His being 

 in orders prevented his appointment in is:;s to the 

 chair of Greek at Glasgow. In I ML' he 1 sue /ceded I>r. 

 Arnold as Head Master of Rugby School. While 

 'married and was widowed. Appointed Dean 

 t (' ii lisle in April, Is.Mi. he administered the office 

 with much energy and efficiency; he was also an 

 a live ineiiilM-r of the Oxford I uivenuty Commission. 

 After lining three children by scarlet fever he was 



iiinl Sqfeqvara* of Modern Tln'"lii<w (l^iil); 

 Tlie. Ward, of God and lite Ground of Fnil/i. in 

 parts (1863-4). He died at Croydon, Dec. :;. I ^-L'. 



named Bishop of Ixindon in 1S r >li. in sucwssion to Dr. 

 HI.Himlield. In ISO:! be initiateil a plan t<> rais> 

 |,IKKI,IK)I| in ten years for Supplying the deficiency 

 of church accommodations in 1/mdon. After refusing 

 the metropolitan see of York he accepted that of 

 Canterbury from Disraeli in I so*, nooeediag Dr. 

 IjOngley. In this high offiei 1 he displayed remarkable. 

 energy, honesty, tact, and courtesy. As a moderate 

 I/ow Churchman he was disliked by the "advanced" 

 party and continually attacked bv the Church Time*. 

 hut this he wisely disregarded. In the conflicts about 

 ritual anil ecclesiastical law his sound judgment was 

 of -real value. He presided over several important 

 meetings, as the Fan-Anglican Synod at Lanitx'ili. 

 the Church Congress at Croydon. 1S77; and 

 the Conference of Anglican Bishops at Lambeth, I87H. 

 His letter to the Evangelical Alliance at its meeting in 

 New York, 1873, exhibited his liberal feelings. His 

 writings are notable rather for common sense than 

 for brilliancy or profundity. They include, besides 

 various charges, letters, sermons, etc., Thf Dmgen 



and 

 two 

 A 



sketch of his PnUlc Life and a comparison between 

 him and Archbishop Laud appeared the next year. A 

 memoir of his wife and son, who both died in 1878, 

 was written by W. Benham (ISS(l), with his approval. 



TAIT, FETER GKTHRIE. British mathematician and 

 physicist, was born at Dalkeith, Scotland, in IX! I. 

 He was educated at the ('diversity of Edinburgh and 

 at I'eterhon-e, Cambridge, where he was senior 

 wrangler. He was made professor of natural philos- 

 ophy in the University of Edinburgh, and is jj 

 secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He 

 received in 1886 a medal from the Royal Society for 

 his valuable contributions to mathematical and phys- 

 ical science. He is joint author with Sir William 

 Thomson of the Nniund P!u?a*np)iy known by their 

 name; and with Frof. Balfour Stewart of Tie r .<. 

 I'nirrrnf. He has also published Recent DavOVtrin 

 in \ntnral I'liilnsdjili;/ ; I)yH<iniic* of a 1'urttcle; and 

 Qiiartentimtt. 



TALI5OT. SlT,.\S (17;1f>-lS13), naval officer, was 

 l>orn in Rhode Island, and at the outbreak of the Rev- 

 olution was made captain in a R. I. regiment. He 

 serve. 1 at the siege of Huston, at New York city, and 

 at Fort Mifflin, near Philadelphia. In 1778 his naut- 

 ical skill was displayed in transporting Gen. Sullivan's 

 troops from the main-land to Newport, R. I., and in 

 capturing the British floating-battery near that town. 

 In I77'J he armed a prize vessel, and after several ex- 

 ploits was c.im missioned as captain. He was, how- 

 ever, captured by a British fleet in 1780, and remained 

 a prisoner till the close of hostilities. He purchased 

 the forfeited estate of Sir William Johnson, on the 

 Mohawk, and served in the N. Y. Legislature and in 

 Congress. On the reorganization of the navy in 1794 

 he superintended the construction of the frigate Con- 

 stitution, which became famous as "Old Ironsides." 

 In this vessel he cruised in the West Indies in 17'.'9. 

 He resigned in 1801, and died at New Y T urk, June 30, 

 1813. 



TALC, an important species of mineral, of unctuous 

 feel, whence possibly its name, which is derived from 

 the same root as English "tallow." Chemically talc 

 is a silicate of magnesia, usually somewhat hydratcd, 

 its formula being OuSi t Mg, 2H,(). ^Occasionally it 

 makes tip the mass ol extrusive geological formations. 

 In physical character it is very soft, ranking with 

 graphite in this particular, and is used as No. 1 in tint 

 scale of hardness. Specific gravity, 2.6 to 2.8. _ It is 

 found in several conditions, occasionally in an imp. i 

 lectly crystallized slate, but usually in compact or in 

 foliated masses. The folia are micacious in character, 

 very flexible but not clastic. Talc is sonieiin 

 pearly lustre, usually light green in color, but. occasion- 

 ally white or dark green. In it." compact or ma.-sivc 



