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TALLMADGE TAMMANY SOCIETY. 



641 



variety it is known as steatite or soapstone. Extrusive ' 

 beds of this material occur in some localities of the 

 United States, often in association with serpentine and 

 talcose or schloritic schist. Quarries of soapstone are 

 worked at several localities in Vermont, New Hamp- 

 shire, and Massachusetts; near Philadelphia, Balti- 

 more, and Washington, and at many other places. It 

 is used to make stoves, ovens, and hearths, for sizing 

 rollers in cotton factories (being unaffected by acids), 

 as stoppers for chemical vessels, in its powdered state 

 as a lubricant, and for slate pencils and crayons. The 

 French chalk of the toilet and tailors' shops is a soft 

 white sort of soapstone. It is used to some extent in 

 the porcelain manufacture, and is an ingredient in sev- 

 eral kinds of steaui-packing. Being easily cut into 

 figures which can be hardened by fire, it is used to im- 

 itate more valuable stones, being colored in accordance 

 therewith. At the town of Edwards, St. Lawrence 

 co.. N. Y.. is a large deposit of tale which is peculiar 

 in having the fibrous character of asbestos. Ihis ma- 

 terial is crushed and pulverized, and is used for a 

 variety of purposes, but principally in paper-making. 

 AH a filler in the manufacture of paper of all grades. 

 except the very finest and the coai-sest. it is excellent, 

 and is preferred to the days and other substances or- 

 dinarily used for this purpose. (c. M.) 



TALLMADGK, BKNIAMIN ( 1 754-1 S35), colonel in 

 the Revolutionary war, was born at Setauket. L. I., 

 Feb. 25, 1754. The son of a minister, he graduated 

 at Yale College in 1773, and had charge of a liL-h- 

 pr-hool at Wethersfield, Conn., when the war IWLMII. 

 Entering the army as lieutenant in I77<> he rose to the 

 rink of colonel in 1779. In September of that year; 

 he crossed Long Island Sound and surprised ami cap- 

 tured 5(X) Tories. In the following May a similar ex- 

 ploit resulted in the destruction of British stores at 

 Fort George, L. I. He had the custody of .Major 

 Andre 1 after his capture in September, and was a 

 niemljcr of Washington's military family. After the 

 war he married the daughter of (Jen. William Floyd 

 (1734-1821), a signer of the Declaration of Independ- 

 ence, who had commanded the patriotic militia of 

 Long Island. He settled in New York city ns a mer- 

 chant and in 1800 was elected to Congress, where ho 

 nerved for sixteen years. He died at LitehHeld, ( 'onn.. 

 March 7, 1835, having long commanded universal re- 

 Bpcct aa a survivor of "the times that tried men's 

 souls." 



His son, FREDERICK Aunusrrs TALI.MADOE (1792- 

 1SG9), lawyer and politician, wrote Jlrmm'r* of his 

 father (1859), held many local offices, and was a mem- 

 ber of Congress (I846-4H). 



TAL.MAGK. THOMAS DE WITT, Presbyterian 

 preacher, was born near Bound Brook, N. J., Jan. 7. 

 1S32. He graduated at the University of New York 

 City in 1853 and at New Brunswick Theological Sem- 

 inary in 1850. He was then ordained pastor of a 

 church at Belleville, N. J. In 1859 he was called to 

 the Reformed Church, Syracuse, N. Y., and in 1802 

 to the Second Reformed Church, Philadelphia. After 

 seven years' service here, he became pastor of the 

 Central Presbyterian Church, Brooklyn, N. Y. His 

 brilliant oratory soon drew crowds, to accommodate 

 which a new edifice of wood and iron, capable of hold- 

 ing 3000 people, was erected, and when it was de- 

 stroyed by fire, Dec. 22, 1872, a more substantial one 

 was built of brick and stone on the same site. It has 

 seats for 5<KX) persons. The old church is used as a 

 Lay Collfgo, of which Dr. Talmagc is president. Be- 

 M'lcs gathering and ministering to one of the largest 

 Presbyterian churches in the country, he has been a 

 popular lecturer, a writer for newspapers, anil editor 

 ot a religious weekly and a magazine. Quick in 

 movement, often extravagant in style, and energetic 

 in action, he readily sways an American audience. 

 i Tinons nre widely circulated every week, over 

 6<M) newspapers publishing them entire. They are 

 tmneiaicd into several l.niiriMi'' 1 *. From his pennons 



and contributions to the press many popular volumes 

 have been compiled. Among them are Crttmbt 

 Sicept up (1868); Abominations of Modern Society 

 (1872); Night Sides of City Life (1878); Brooklyn 

 Taberna.de (1884) ; Marriage Ring (1880). 



TAMMANY SOCIETY, a noted political organi- 

 zation of the Democratic party, derives its name from 

 Tamanend, an Indian chief, concerning whom various 

 legends are related. He is said to have ruled near the 

 present site of Easton, Pa. , to have signed the treaty 

 with William Penn, and after a life of primitive piety 

 to have died a centenarian. Towards the close of the 

 Revolutionary war the Pennsylvania troops of Wash- 

 ington's command took him as their patron saint instead 

 of St. George, and celebrated his day, May 12, with 

 festivity appropriate to his race and the season. The 

 warriors, decked with feathers and bucktails, having 

 gathered around a liberty pole, "St. Tammany" came 

 forth from a wigwam, and gave them a "talk" on 

 courage and freedom, after which they danced and 

 caroused. The annual celebration was retained in the 

 American army and among the people, especially in 

 Pennsylvania, for many years. Within a fortnight of 

 the first inauguration of Washington at New York, 

 April 30, 1789, William Mooney. an ardent Irish- 

 American "Liberty Boy," took advantage of this fes- 

 tival to institute the Columbian Order. It was intended 

 as a popular offset to the "Society of the Cincinnati '' 

 (ff. v.). which had excited prejudice on account of its 

 supposed aristocratic character and tendencies. The 

 immediate cause of the formation of the new society was 

 the popular reaction against the recent removal of the 

 political disabilities of the wealthy Tories who had 

 remained in New York city. Columbus had been 

 selected as the patron of the order, probably in defer- 

 ence to Joel Barlow's once famous epic, T/ie Tisiim 

 of Cotumlm*. then newly published. But the terms 

 and usages of the society were all derived from those 

 of the Indian tribes, and when the popular instinct 

 transferred the honor to the Indian Tammany the 

 leaders readily acquiesced in the change. Mooney, a.s 

 "Grand Sachem" of the order, was assisted by twelve 

 sachems, or chiefs of tribes, and the other officers 

 were a sagamore, or master of ceremonies, a wiskin- 

 kie, or doorkeeper, and a scribe. Pros. Washing!) n 

 is said to have availed himself in 1790 of the assist- 

 ance of the society in entertaining a delegation of 

 Creek Indians and negotiating a treaty with them. 

 At this time some Federalists belonged to it, but its 

 rules and levelling tendency soon excluded all but pro- 

 nounced Republicans. The passairc in Washington's 

 "Farewell Address" referring to the dancer of polit- 

 ical "combinations and associations" has been thoucht 

 to refer to the Tammany Society, and had the effect 

 of diminishing its membership at the time. 



The society had indeed become a "machine" under 

 the direction of Aaron Burr, who, though never a 

 member of the order, was able through his personal 

 influence with Mooney and its other leaders to inspire 

 and guide its movements in the political struggle in 

 New York city. By its aid he achieved in 1799 the 

 astonishing defeat of the careless Federalists in both 

 city and State. His victory promptly secured for him 

 the nomination to the vice-presidency from the Con- 

 gressional caucus, but his shameless attempts to snatch 

 the presidency from Jefferson brought him discredit 

 with the party he had guided to success at the polls. 

 Yet in 1804, when he sought to regain his prestige by 

 winning the governorship of New York by a similar 

 method. Tammany, whose members had received no 

 benefit by his elevation, still adhered to his cause. 

 Burr, defeated by the efforts of Hamilton, slew him 

 and was himself ruined. 



The society which he had made formidable in poli- 

 tics still professed to be organized for charitable pur- 

 poses and obtained a chartcrin 1805asthe "Tammany 

 Society, or Columbian Order." It even began a mu- 

 seum of natural history, which finally passeif into the 



