644 



TAPPAN TARIFF. 



_____ i stnitrirlc* the firm was able to maintain its stand- 

 ing, even diirinp the panic of 1837. When the Icad- 

 er of the Anti-slavery Sucirty directed their attacks 

 on tin 1 ChrNtian churches an upholders nf slavery Ar- 

 thur Tuppan protested, and finally withdrew from be- 

 ing its president In 1841 his business partnership 

 was dissolved, and in the next year lie MM, but with 

 unflinching integrity caused all his personal property 

 to be told for the benefit of his oraditon. He was 

 then employed by hi* successors in the business until 

 1849, when 'ho joined his brother in hi.s enterprise, the 

 first mercantile agency in the United States. In old 

 age he refilled at I'.issaic. N. J., and finally at New 

 Haven. Conn., where he died July 23, 18f,, r >. His 

 brother I^eww (1788-1X73), who had been closely asso- 

 ciated in hid business and philanthropic labors, wrote 

 his Llf>- (I JO ' i. 



Another brother. BENJAMIN TAPPAN (1773-IS57), 

 in his youth learned engraving and portrait painting, 

 but afterwards studied law and moved to Ohio in 1 799. 

 There he was a member of the Legislature, afterwards 

 udirc, and in 1X33 was appointed by Pres. Jackson 

 . 8. distinct judge. In 1S3'.I ho was elected to the 



j 

 U. 



U. S. Senate as a Democrat, but in 1848 he took part 

 in tin- organization of the Free Soil party. He died 

 at Steubenville. Ohio, April 12, 1857. 



TA1TAN. HKMIV CHIMP, metaphysician and edu- 

 cator, was born at Khincbeck. N. V., April 23, 1805. 

 He graduated at Union College in 1823, studied 

 theology at Princeton, and became associate pastor of 

 a Reformed church at SchcncctaJy. In 1828 he was 

 called to a Congregational church at Pittslield. Mass.. 

 and in 1 832 was luade professor of moral philosophy 

 in the University of the City of New York. After 

 holding this position six years ho conducted a private 

 school tor 14 years. Meantime he had prepared his 

 metaphysical treatises, commencing with a review oi' 

 JSettemkoH tiir Freetlam of the Will (IS40), and ex- 

 panded into The Doctrine of the Will Dfternunnl by 

 an Appeal to Counciouineia (1840), and The Doctrine 

 of tite WHl Ajiplled to Mnil Ayrncy and Rmpnnti- 

 liiltty (1841). He also published Element* of htgic 

 (I Ml), which was afterwards revised. In 1X52 he was 

 chosen first chancellor of the University of ^Michigan, 

 and made a tour in Europe, recorded in his book. A 

 Step from the New World to the Old ( 1 852). Another 

 visit to Euro|>e enabled him to secure an excellent 

 equipment for the university observatory. and the ser- 

 vices 01 Prof. Francis Briinnow as astronoinor. The 

 university soon attained great prosperity, and became 

 the model tor similar institutions in other States. In 

 1863 Dr. Tappan resigned and went to Europe. 



TAR is a result of the destnietive distillation of 



organic substances, especially wood 



Bw Vol. XXIU. , n j coal. Where wood is plentiful 



Am Hn'l* " lar '" P ru *' ucc ^ by burning tat wood 

 fur that purpose ; and in HUUIC of the 

 pits where charcoal is produced an arrangement is 

 made by which the tar is collected. From wood lar 

 there is further distilled wood vinegar, or pyroligneous 

 acid, from which is also procured wood naphtha. In 

 I lie I'nited States neitrlv all of the wood tar comes 

 from North Carolina. Wood tar is produced by the 

 mothered burning of the lone lealid pine deadeneil by 

 fife. A tar-kiln is commenced by wooping out ol the 

 ground a 8nuecr-sha|>ed foundation, making a hole in 

 the middle, ami thence running a wooden .-pout out- 

 side the rim of the foundation. The wood is split into 

 billets 3 or 4 ! I l<ii: and about 3 inches in diameter. 

 The billeU are stacked in the centre hole and piled up- 

 ward, each upper stick lapping a little over, thus giv- 

 ing the finished pile the appearance of an inverted 

 oonc. Logs of wood and green twigs arc then piled 

 around, nnd the whole covered with earth. The fire 

 is lighted at the top eaves, mid the distilled tar runs 

 out tliroiiL'h the spout. A kiln yields 50, KM), or more 

 ba rv ely of tar. according to its size. I^arne iron re- 

 Iwru ituvu U-en used, but the product is not suffi- 



ciently greater or more cleanly to. pay for increased 

 MB 



Coal-tar was for a Ion; time a troublesome product 

 of gas-works, no useful application of it being known 

 to any great extent. Later it was used as a covering 

 to protect iron-work exposed to the weather ; and the 

 pitch obtained by distillation was found, when mixed 

 with earthy matters, to be a good substitute for the 

 natural product, asphaltuui, used for artificial pave- 

 ment, water-tight covering for roofs, 'eta Finally tar 

 distillers learned to extract from it crude naphtha, and 

 also light oily fluids. The pitch, by continued distil- 

 lation, was made to yield more oily matters. Crude 

 naphtha is now purified with it ; by taking one -tenth 

 its bulk with concentrated sulphuric acid, adding when 

 cold 5 per cent, of peroxide of manganese, and distil- 

 ling off the upper portion a rectified naphtha is obtained, 

 which easily dissolves India rubber. Mixed with wood- 

 naphtha it produces a powerful solvent of various resin- 

 ous substances useful in making varnishes. Still fur- 

 ther purified, the liquid benzole is obtained, used ex- 

 tensively as an illuminating agent The light essen- 

 tial oils, as well as the heavier ones, possess antiseptic 

 properties, which render them valuable for preserving 

 wood from decay. Among the other products obtained 

 from coal- tar are carbolic acid and the aniline colors. 



(P. O. M.) 



TARIFF (from Tarifa, the nnmc of the Spanish 

 port at which the Moslem rulers of the country levied 

 duties on goods passing through the Straits of Gibral- 

 tar) is a list of llie duties levied by any country upon 

 exports and imports, especially the latter. In tho 

 United States (juestion of free trade or protection has 

 centred around the legislation to increase or lower 

 these duties; and the tariff controversy lias stood next 

 to that over slavery, nnd aliove that over the currency, 

 as a source of party divisions. 



The word was in America adopted from English 

 usage The early English tariffs were prohibitory in 

 their provisions. They absolutely forbade the impor- 

 tation of articles which the Parliament agreed should 

 be made at home. It was not until the reign of 

 Queen Elizabeth that the use of the tariff as a source 

 of revenue to the government may l>e said to have be- 

 gun. Heretofore the sovereign had profited by it 

 only through selling dispensations from its provisions 

 to favored merchants, much us Napoleon did during 

 the continuance of his Continental syMcm. but without 

 the concealment he practised. Hut even the tariffs of 

 a later date contained distinct prohibitions, nnd that 

 of 1819 still continued the prohibitory method under 

 the povor of duties placed so high as to effect the ex- 

 clusion of the article. In the American tariff there are 

 no prohibitory duties except on some articles chicory, 

 shoddy, doctored wines, etc. which arc excluded for 

 other than merely commercial reasons. 



After American independence had liecn secured the 

 power to legislate with reference to duties on imports 

 passed to tJio thirteen States of the very i in perfect I nioii 

 of 1777-89. Each of them adopted Hieh u tariff us 

 united its ideas and circumstances, and tho linen of cus- 

 tom-house collections sundered them from each other. 

 This at one time seemed not unlikely to result in (h( 

 dissolution of tho Union into its original elements, as 

 ipiarrels sprang up in all quarters, and some Stales 

 were imt iilmve adapting their regulations to foster 

 smuirgling into the territory of their neighbors. Tho 

 Constitution of 1787-X9 transferred this power to tho 

 now national government, and on July 4. 17X'.), James 

 Madison reported a tariff law. which expressly stated 

 among its objects "(he encouragement and protection 

 of niaiiufactuic>." 



While the Fodernlist party continued in power tho 

 only changes made in this tariff were in the inci 

 its duties; but on the accession of the States Hi^htx 

 parly in 1801 there was a cessation of lhi< constant 

 adaptation of tho duties to the freshly discovered 

 needs of industry. No duty, huwovcr uxi-cpt thut on 



