TASCI I F.KK.vr - TA I NTON. 



of the Mills Bill was the transfer of raw materials of 

 manufacture to the free list. This change may be re- 

 garded as bavin,; secured to Mr. Cleveland tin- votes of 

 two manufacturing Suites in the North. But as he 

 gut no more ilun these, and as the agricultural States 

 of the North-west showed llifir resentment of this 

 proposal by their votes, the Mills Bill and the policy 

 it embodies uiuy be'said to have bhared in Mr. Cleve- 

 land's defeat. In those sections of the South where 

 in inuf.ti-tuiv* had struck root since the abolition of 

 slavery there was a notable falling-off in the vote of 

 the Democratic party, and both Virginia and West 

 Virginia gave Mr. Cleveland only Biuall pluralities. 

 At the same time the Protectionists secured majorities 

 in both branches of the Kitty first Congress, thus en- 

 abling them to proceed with the work ot reconstructing 

 the revenue legislation of the country in accordance 

 with their principles. 



In the later phases of the tariff controversy the 

 op|K>neiits of the protectionist policy have shown 

 themselves very unwilling to be called free traders. 

 Sinn- of them seem to think they arc entitled to repu- 

 diate this now unpopular name because they do 

 not wish to abolish the custom-house, as do John 

 Raskin and Henry George, but rather to maintain 

 a tariff for revenue. But this wish is not in the slightest 

 degree inconsistent with the idea of free trade, in the 

 well-ascertained and historical sense cf that word. A 

 tariff which should impose no duty calculated to divert 

 any part of the labor and capital of the country into :i 

 channel in which they would not flow otherwise i.s a 

 free trade tariff, however high its duties, or however 

 large a share of the national revenue may be derived 

 from it. Such a tariff will either levy duties only on 

 Fiii-h articles as cannot be produced in that country, or 

 it will compensate the duties upon other articles by 

 excise taxes upon the dMMttM product of equal 

 amount. I'ndcr such a tariff trade would be as " free" 

 as if there were not a custom-house in the whole 

 country. 



More legitimate is the objection to the term free 

 trade in the case of those who say that while they be- 

 lieve in free trade principles, they recognize the vested 

 rights which have grown up under the protective tariff, 

 und they would do nothing to injure the manufactures 

 thus called into existence, while they would move 

 slowly but steadily towards a system of "industrial 

 liberty." and would refuse to vote t'ur any further 

 extension of 'protection either in the imposition of new 

 duties or the raising of old ones. But this species of 

 "revenue reformer" is rarely met with, and has not 

 a (tingle known representative among the economists 

 or the statesmen of the country. 



The protectionist principle is not limited to any 

 method of application. If it were possible to accom- 

 plish the same end by premiums or exemption from 

 taxation or guarantee of profits, there would be no 

 objection to (he substitution of those methods. But 

 it is f'.iiind in practice that each of these is atten.li-d 

 with difficulties which do not attend the adoption and 

 enforcement of a protective tariff. 



There are three methods of levying the duties of a 

 tariff: (I) By taxing imports a given percentage of 

 1MB value, and ascertaining this by the invoices, or 

 by the judgment* of ex|>crts, or both. This is ob- 

 pectionnble because it tends to intensify all variations 

 in prices, to nut a premium upon false statements, 

 ninl to give the domestic producers the least protec- 

 tion when he needs it the most, vir., in a time of low 

 prices. (_') By fixing an average price for the article 

 and taxing it ^so s to bring the imported article up to 

 that pri'-c. I'ndcr this arrangement the tax disappears 

 when prices rise above the average, and increases in 

 pnPOmB as they fall below it. This was the method 

 of the Knclish Corn I^aw of 1815. It obviates most 

 of the (ilijiftiniiH to ml rulirrm duties, but would 

 r"-|iiro cunvfatit readjustment aa the progress of 

 of production lowered the cost. (.'{) To levy 



the duty by number, weight, or bulk of the imported 

 article, thus dispensing with invoices, oaths to their 

 accuracy, and oilier encouragements to perjury. This 

 is the method of the English tariff, but that of the 

 1'iiited States attempts a most unhappy combination 

 of this with the ml valurtnl method. (a. E. T. ) 



TASCIIEREAU, EI.ZEAU ALEXANDER, cardinal 

 and archbishop of Quebec, was born Feb. 1 7,_ 1 820, at St. 

 Marie de la Beauce, Quebec, He is of distinguished 

 French origin, his father having been Jean Thomas 

 Taschereau, Judge of the King's Bench, Quebec, while 

 some of his ancestors held even more prominent )..-;- 

 tions. After studying at the Quebec and Grand Semi- 

 naries, he, in his seventeenth year, proceeded to Koine, 

 where he received the tonsure. Returning to Quebec, 

 he pursued his theological studies, and in 1842, though 

 under canonical age, was ordained priest. Shortly alter 

 his ordination he was appointed to the chair of philoso- 

 phy in the Grand Seminary, which post he occupied 

 for twelve years. While holding this office he endeared 

 himself to his co-religionists and many others by hid 

 voluntarily acting as nurse and spiritual comforter to 

 the many Irish emigrants who, driven from their home 

 by famine, had been taken down by malignant fever 

 during the voyage and landed on Grossc Isle, in the 

 St. Lawrence River, ihirty miles below Quebec, which 

 soon became a mass of loathsomeness and pestilence 

 that gradually converted it into a cemetery. The 

 heroic ecclesiastic was himself stricken down and nar- 

 rowly escaped death. In 1851 he became professor 

 of theology in the seminary, and in 1854 lie again 

 vi.-ited Koine, where he remained two years studying 

 canon law, and received the title of Doctor of Canon 

 Ijaw. On his return to Quebec, he held in succession 

 the offices of director of the Lower Seminary, of di- 

 rector of the Grand Seminary, of superior of the 

 seminary and rector of Laval University, serving also 

 as a member of the Council of Public Instruction for 

 Ixtwer Canada. On his return from a third visit to 

 Rome, he was, in 1802, appointed vicar-general of the 

 diocese of Quebec. In 1870 he revisited Rome as sec- 

 retary to Archbishop Baillargeon, of Quebec, while 

 attending the Vatican Council. On the archbishop's 

 death in this year Doctor Taschereau was appointed 

 conjunct administrator of the affairs of the arch -dio- 

 cese, and in the spring of 1871 was consecrated arch- 

 bishop. His visits to Rome have been frequent, and 

 when last there, in 1SS7. he was presented with the 

 cardinal's hat, being the first Canadian on whom this 

 dignity has Ixvn conferred. 



TATNALL, JOSIAH (I79C--1S71), Confederate naval 

 officer, was born near Savannah. Ga.. November. 17'.io. 

 Hi- father, licaringthesamcnaino (I7(12-I8t>:;>. was then 

 a U. 8. Senator, and afterwards was a brigadier general 

 of militia and governor of Georgia. The son entered 

 the navy as midshipman in 1S12 and had some active 

 sen-ice near Norfolk in the next year. He was with 

 M. C. Perry on the African coast and with Porter in 

 his expedition against West Indian pirates. During 

 the Mexican war. in IK 17, he took part in the at lucks 

 on Tauij>ieo anil Vera Cruz. In 185(1 he was Hag ollieer 

 "fthe Ka.-t Indian squadron, and on one occasion fired 

 on Chinese who were repelling a British attack. When 

 Georgia seceded he resigned his coinmand^tnd hastened 

 to Savannah where he gathered a fleet of gun-boats to 



defend Port Royal. S ('..against ( "01 odore Dupont's 



expedition. lie had command of Norfolk in 1 8(12 and 

 when the Merrimac, altered into (he iron clad Virginia, 

 was disabled in her famous fight with the monitor, 

 Tntnall ordered her to be destroyed. During tin: rest 

 of the war he had command at Savannah, and at its 

 clo?e went to Nova Seoiia. He soon returned however 

 au.l \va- made harbor-master. Ho died June 14, 1871. 



TAI'NTON. a city of Massachusetts, county seat 

 of Bristol co., is on Tannton River, 34 miles S. 

 of Huston. It is at the junction of the Old Colony 

 Railroad with other roads. It has a court-he, 

 city-hall, 3 national banks, 2 savings banks, 20 



