TEMPLE TENNENT. 



659 



and respectable, including no small part of the labor- 

 ing classes, especially of skilled laborers. r A great 

 diminution in the sale and use of liquors was the 

 result. But now a new purpose was taken up, which 

 was nothing less than to tuj^rafecermekeretttoratatn- 

 faeture and sale of intoxicating drinks. Hence law, 

 more law, and. finally, constitutional l.iw, have been 

 invoked, and until the desired end _is reached the 

 agitation is to go on. Whether this is not an utterly 

 impracticable purpose ; whether any law can bo devised 

 that will prevent men from gratifying the appetite for 

 stimulants as lone; as the appetite exists ; are questions 

 to which in their present temper the leaders in the 

 temperance warfare will scarcely vouchsafe a hearing. 

 But those who are willing to think may be led to doubt 

 whether legal penalty is superior to, or in any degree 

 a substitute for, the appeal to moral, religious, and 

 nffeetional motives, ana the cumulative force of en- 

 lightened public sentiment whether in short there is 

 any more effective prohibition than a man imposes 

 upon himself. 



There are many earnest temperance advocates and 

 workers who cannot believe it right to proscribe 

 wine, which our Lord and his apostles used, and which 

 is made a symbol by the Holy Spirit of spiritual joy. 

 Hence, they will not join in any movement of teetotal- 

 i-in or prohibition which is undiseriminating in this 

 regard. They are ready to use every NMOMbh 

 means to diminish the evils that come from the exces- 

 sive use of intoxicants, and to put heavy restraints 

 upon the sale of distilled liquors. These temperance 

 advocates also are opposed to the one-sidedness of a 

 reform that puts one sin forward out of all proportion 

 to other sms and so tempts many to suppose that it 

 this sin is avoided the man is renewed, i'hey believe 

 all sins should be classed together as odious to God 

 and injurious to man. and that the social vice, greed 

 for wealth, and fraud are doing as much to dcstroj 

 society as is intemperance. Against all every effort 

 should be put forth lor their overthrow and the estab- 

 lishment of righteousness. 



The temperance movement was carried beyond the 

 Atlantic, and appeared in Scotland in the lormatioi 

 of a temperance society near Glasgow in 18'J'J ; the 

 first total abstinence society was formed at Dunferm 

 line in 1830. The first temperance society in lrelam 

 was organized at New Hoss, County \Vcxford. in 1S-J9 

 the first total abstinence society at Strabane, in 1835 

 The celebrated Father Theobald Mathew began a' 

 Cork, in 1838, those labors which made his name ; 

 household word in the Old and the New World. He 

 rapidly extended his lalx>rs to all parts of Ireland with 

 such effect that the society formed by him contained 

 in 1840 1,800,1)00 persons pledged to total abstinence. 

 The consumption of whisky in Ireland fell from 12.- 

 500,000 gallons in ]< to r,.500.00O in 1841. In 1843 

 the number of persons pledged to total abstinence 

 through the labors of Father Mathew in Ireland and 

 in (I real Britain exceeded 5,000,000. In England, 

 beginning in 1830, local associations were formed at 

 Bradford, Manchester. Liverpool, and Leeds. "The 

 British and Foreign Temperance Society " was formed 

 in 1831, with the patn>nage of the Bishop of London, 

 and the support of many persons high in rank and 

 official station, pledged to abstain from distilled spirits 

 except for medicinal purposes. Total abstinence and 



though the practical efforts it has put forth have been 

 for the enactment of the "Permissive Bill," corre- 

 sponding nearly to our local option laws. It proposes 

 o prohibit the licensing of the traffic in any parish in 

 vhich two-thirds of the rate-payers shall so determine. 

 This moderate and reasonable measure stands no chance 

 >f being enacted at present. Great as has been the 

 ncrease of pledged abstainers, the movement is far 

 Voin having permeated religious and general society 

 o the extent that it has in this country. 



Whatever opinion may be entertained of the theories 

 >r the policies of organized temperance, it cannot be 

 loubted that a highly beneficial change has been pro- 

 luced in the habits of the people. During forty years, 

 from 1810 to 1850, there was a very great reduction in 

 the quantity of intoxicating liquors consumed in the 

 onntry. Of distilled spirits the consumption fell from 



4.0 gallons to 2.5 gallons per capita, and, including all 

 intoxicants, there was a decrease per capita from 8 to 



4.1 gallons. It would be a great error to suppose that 

 ,he real strength of temperance principle is to be meas- 

 ured by the number of political prohibitionists. It 

 is not uncommon to find persons who have grown up 

 to mature manhood without having ever known the 

 taste of intoxicating drink, or feeling the slightest 

 inclination to acquire it. The great body of moral and 

 intelligent men and women of our native stock are 

 abstainers from principle, and lunch as our composite 

 population now complicates results, an assimilation is 

 going on among the foreign elements of our common- 

 wealth to the native American standard. 



The literature of Temperance is enormous. Beginning 

 with Dr. Kush's pamphlet (1785), Dr. lleman Humphrey's 

 Si* Sermons ( IMO!, nnd Dr. I.ynian Heecher's Kix Kermoni 

 on Intnnprrance (178.i), the reverberation of which went lit- 

 erally around the world, it includes discourses nnd essays by 

 leading ministers of all denominations, and by eminent 

 civilians and jurists, reports ol national and local orgaui- 

 /.atiniis, some of them productions of eminent ability and 

 permanent value, and discussions in periodicals. Of recent 

 works two are of special value : 7/</<<n/ / the Tempernnce 

 Kejirrm, by Hon. Henry W. Blair, nnd The Liquor Problem 

 in All Agtt, by Daniel Dorcln-sier, I>. 1). (L. E. 8.) 



TKMPLE, FREDERICK, English bishop, was bora 

 at Santa Maura, Nov. 30, 1821. He was educated at 

 Balliol College, Oxford, anil graduated B. A. in 1842, 

 being then elected fellow and mathematical tutor of 

 his college. He was ordained priest in 1847 and be- 

 came principal of Knellar Hall Training College from 

 isis to 1855. In 185S he was appointed head-master 

 of Hn.L'by School and discharged the duties of this 

 position with marked success, lie was one of the 

 seven authors whose Emvii/s nnd Refines (1800) re- 

 vealed the increase of Broad church views and ra- 

 tiomdistie tendencies in the Church of England. His 

 essay was on "The Education of the \Vorld." He 

 also published three series of .SV/viwwjf J'renditd in 

 Rutjby Cliapel( 1802-71). In 18C. he was made bishop 

 of Exeter, and in 1885 lie was transferred to the see 

 of Ijondon. He was select preacher at Oxford in 1873, 

 and Bampton lecturer in 1884. 



TKNNKNT, GiuiK.KT (I7o3-17f ; 4). and WILLIAM 

 (1705-1777), were sons of Kev. William Tennent, a 

 Presbyterian minister who emigrated from Ireland in 

 1718, and founded a "log college" near Philadelphia 

 for the training of students in divinity. Gilbert, after 



"teetotal" societies were formed in 1835. ^ "The New 

 British and Foreign Temperance Society," formed in 

 183f>, had originally two pledges, but in 1839 the total 

 abstinence pledge was adopted. Both general socie- 

 ties adopted this pledge in Istl), and a great impulse 

 was given to the movement. The cause has since been 

 carried forward by the agency of several efficient or- 

 ganizations in different parts of England, laboring by 

 means of lectures, publications, and petitions to Par- 

 liament. The "United Kingdom Alliance," formed 

 in 1853, aims at "the total and immediate- suppression 

 of the traffic in all intoxicating liquors as a beverage," 



teaching and being taught there, was ordained pastor 

 of a Presbyterian church at New Brunswick in 1720. 

 Here his brother William while studying theology fell 

 into a trance and was for some days supposed to be 

 <lead. He revived, however, and afterwards declared 

 that he had been admitted to heaven and gave some 

 description of his vision. Meantime he had lost his 

 knowledge of earthly things and had to be trained as 

 a child. Having fully recovered he was in 1733 

 ordained pastor of a church at Freehold, N. J., and 

 there continued until his death. March 8, 1777. Gilbert 

 in 1740 at the request of Whitefield became an evan- 

 gelist and travelled in New England, His doctrinal 



